Abstract
Emerging diseases in aquaculture are creating havoc on the industry’s profitability and productivity due to climate stress and shifting conditions. It creates scarcity to meet the global food market’s demand. Infections in aqua farms are unavoidable due to various factors that can cause sudden disease outbreaks among farmed species. Farmers all over the world are using antibiotics to combat the crisis, which leads to the development of resistance in susceptible pathogens. This review suggests the use of lantibiotics as an alternative antibiotic agent or natural antibiotic in aquaculture to treat and manage diseases. Till now, more than 60 lantibiotics have been discovered. The biosynthesis and mechanism of all the lantibiotics are similar except differences in their gene cluster. This review discusses the classification of lantibiotics, biosynthesis, mode of action, and potential of lantibiotics’ battle against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, various sources of lantibiotics including aquatic and non-aquatic environments and bioengineered lantibiotics with their increased potential against varieties of pathogens including antibiotic-resistant strains. Aquatic and non-aquatic lantibiotics had shown efficient activity against various infectious microbes causing disease in aquaculture organisms. This review provides knowledge on these lantibiotics, which is required to use them as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of aquaculture diseases.
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modified by nisin B, C and D to produce pre-mature nisin. Pre-mature nisin is exported by nisT. Mature nisin is cleaved from leader peptide by nisP. Mature nisin itself act as auto-inducer by combining with nisK. nisK phosphorylates nisR which regulates next cycle of nisin production. nisE, nisF, nisG and nisI are immune complexes that protect susceptibility to self nisin and undergo antimicrobial action; also, mature nisin itself acts as an autoinducer for next-cycle production. S represents disulphide bonds; P represents promoter. other alphabets are as explained in Fig. 1
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The authors were supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia through research grant LRGS/1/2019/UPM/01/1/4.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Raghul Murugan, Ajay Guru, Hari Deva Muthu, and Gokul Sudhakaran. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Raghul Murugan, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Murugan, R., Guru, A., Haridevamuthu, B. et al. Lantibiotics: an antimicrobial asset in combating aquaculture diseases. Aquacult Int 30, 2365–2387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00908-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00908-5