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Bioenergetic aspects of apoptosis, necrosis and mitoptosis

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Abstract

In this review I summarize interrelations between bioenergetic processes and such programmed death phenomena as cell suicide (apoptosis and necrosis) and mitochondrial suicide (mitoptosis). The following conclusions are made. (I) ATP and rather often mitochondrial hyperpolarization (i.e. an increase in membrane potential, ΔΨ) are required for certain steps of apoptosis and necrosis. (II) Apoptosis, even if it is accompanied by ΔΨ and [ATP] increases at its early stage, finally results in a ΔΨ collapse and ATP decrease. (III) Moderate (about three-fold) lowering of [ATP] for short and long periods of time induces apoptosis and necrosis, respectively. In some types of apoptosis and necrosis, the cell death is mediated by a ΔΨ-dependent overproduction of ROS by the initial (Complex I) and the middle (Complex III) spans of the respiratory chain. ROS initiate mitoptosis which is postulated to rid the intracellular population of mitochondria from those that are ROS overproducing. Massive mitoptosis can result in cell death due to release to cytosol of the cell death proteins normally hidden in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

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Abbreviations

ΔΨ:

electric potential difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane

AIF:

apoptosis-inducing factor

Apaf-1:

apoptotic protease-activating factor 1

CsA:

cyclosporin A

JNK:

c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase

MitoQ:

10-(6′-ubiquinolyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium

PTP:

permeability transition pore

RNS:

reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor α

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  1. Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia

    V. P. Skulachev

  2. Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Laboratory Bldg. A, Moscow, 119992, Russia

    V. P. Skulachev

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Skulachev, V.P. Bioenergetic aspects of apoptosis, necrosis and mitoptosis. Apoptosis 11, 473–485 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-006-5881-9

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