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Tripartite associations among bacteriophage WO, Wolbachia, and host affected by temperature and age in Tetranychus urticae

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Abstract

A phage density model of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which means lytic phages reduce bacterial density associated with CI, significantly enhances our understanding of the tripartite associations among bacteriophage WO, Wolbachia and host. However, WO may alternate between lytic and lysogenic life cycles or change phage production under certain conditions including temperature, host age and host species background. Here, extreme temperatures can induce an alteration in the life cycle of WO and change the tripartite associations among WO, Wolbachia and CI. Based on the accumulation of the WO load, WO can transform into the lytic life cycle with increasing age. These findings confirmed that the environment plays an important role in the associations among WO, Wolbachia and host.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jingtao Sun, Mingzhi Yu and Rongrong Xie of the Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU) for help with the collection of spider mites. We are also grateful to Lili Zhou of the Department of Entomology, NJAU for her technical help with experiments and to Zhiyuan Ji of NJAU for his critical reading of the early draft. This study was supported in part by a Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201103020) from the Ministry of Agriculture of China and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 31172131 and No. 30871635) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

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  1. Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China

    Ming-Hong Lu, Kai-Jun Zhang & Xiao-Yue Hong

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  1. Ming-Hong Lu
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  2. Kai-Jun Zhang
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Correspondence to Xiao-Yue Hong.

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Lu, MH., Zhang, KJ. & Hong, XY. Tripartite associations among bacteriophage WO, Wolbachia, and host affected by temperature and age in Tetranychus urticae . Exp Appl Acarol 58, 207–220 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9578-1

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