Skip to main content
Log in

Benevolent leadership and follower performance: The mediating role of leader–member exchange (LMX)

  • Published:
Asia Pacific Journal of Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examines leader–member exchange (LMX) as a mediator of the relationship between benevolent leadership and follower task performance and extra-role performance. Using a sample of 223 leader–member dyads in a nonprofit organization in the People’s Republic of China, results indicate that benevolent leadership and LMX are positively related to follower task performance and organizational citizenship behavior towards the organization (OCBO). Findings also support that LMX partially mediates the relationship between benevolent leadership and follower task performance as well as fully mediates the relationship between benevolent leadership and OCBO. Implications for the theory and practice of leadership in Asia are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahlstrom, D., Chen, S.-j, & Yeh, K. S. 2010. Managing in ethnic Chinese communities: Culture, institutions, and context. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(3): 341–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. D., & Rush, M. C. 1998. The effects of organizational citizenship on performance judgments: A field study and a laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S. E., & Williams, L. J. 1996. Interpersonal, job, and individual factors related to helping processes at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3): 282–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, M. A., Hung, D. K. M., & Aafaqi, R. 2007. Leader-member exchange and attitudinal outcomes: Role of procedural justice climate. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(8): 690–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aycan, Z. 2006. Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang & U. Kim (Eds.). Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context: 445–466. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, F. A. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6: 1173–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. 1990. Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership, theory, and research and managerial application, 3rd ed. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. 1996. Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1538–1567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat, R. S., McDevitt, A. S., & McDevitt, I. 2010. On improving the robustness of Asian management theories: Theoretical anchors in the era of globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 179–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. 1973. Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, S. D., Farmer, S. M., & Fedor, D. B. 2008. The influence of age on volunteer contributions in a nonprofit organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29: 311–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. Y., & Kao, S. R. 2009. Chinese paternalistic leadership and non-Chinese subordinates’ psychological health. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(12): 2533–2546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J.-L. 2002. Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75: 339–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B.-S., Chou, L.-F., & Farh, J.-L. 2000. A triad model of paternalistic leadership: The constructs and measurement. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 14: 3–64 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B.-S., Chou, L.-F., Wu, T.-Y., Huang, M.-P., & Farh, J.-L. 2004. Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7: 89–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B.-S., Huang, M.-P., & Chou, L.-F. 2002a. Paternalistic leadership and its effectiveness: Evidence from Chinese organizational teams. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 3: 85–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B.-S., & Jiang, D.-Y. 2000. Supervisory loyalty in Chinese business enterprises: The relative effects of emic and imposed-etic constructs on employee effectiveness. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 14: 65–114 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, B.-S., Shieh, P. Y., & Chou, L.-F. 2002b. The principal’s leadership, leader-member exchange quality, and the teacher’s extra-role behavior: The effects of transformational and paternalistic leadership. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 17: 105–161 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. 1983. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J. A. 2001. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of the measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 286–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Hoogh, A. H. B., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Thierry, H., Van den Berg, P. T., Van der Weide, J. G., & Wilderom, C. P. M. 2005. Leader motives, charismatic leadership, and subordinates’ work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. The Leadership Quarterly, 16: 17–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deluga, R. J. 1994. Supervisor trust building, leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67: 315–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. 2002. Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 735–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. 2010. Differentiated leader-member exchanges: The buffering role of justice climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6: 1104–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. 2007. Support from the top: Supervisors’ perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2): 321–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.-L., & Cheng, X.-P. 2000. The paternalistic leadership of Chinese organization: An analysis of culture perspective. Local Psychology Research, 13: 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.-L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S.-C. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behaviour in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 421–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.-L., Leong, F. T. L., & Law, K. S. 1998. On the cross-cultural validity of Holland’s model of vocational choices in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52: 425–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.-L., Liang, J., Chou, L.-F., & Cheng, B.-S. 2008. Paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations: Research progress and future research directions. In C. C. Chen & Y. T. Lee (Eds.). Business leadership in China: Philosophies, theories, and practices: 171–205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, P. P., & Tsui, A. S. 2003. Utilizing printed media to understand desired leadership attributes in the People’s Republic of China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20(4): 423–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. 1997. Meta-analysis review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlation and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 827–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graen, G. B. 1976. Role making processes within complex organization. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: 1201–1245. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995. Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6: 219–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. 2001. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Howell, J. M., & Hall-Merenda, K. E. 1999. The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(5): 680–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X., Iun, J., Liu, A., & Gong, Y. 2010. Does participative leadership enhance work performance by inducing empowerment and trust? The differential effects on managerial and non-managerial subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31: 122–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, C., Law, K. S., & Chen, Z. X. 1999. A structural equation model of the effects of negative affectivity, leader-member exchange, and perceived job mobility on in-role and extra-role performance: A Chinese case. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77: 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. 2007. Leader-member exchange and citizenship beahviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 269–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, K. M., & Ford, D. L., Jr. 2010. Organizational leadership in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Research considerations and directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(2): 321–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. 2004. Employees’ goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3): 368–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, D., & Avolio, B. 2000. Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21: 949–964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kacmar, K. M., Witt, L. A., Zivnuska, S., & Gully, S. M. 2003. The interactive effect of leader-member exchange and communication frequency on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 764–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. 2001. Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54: 71–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, W., Huang, X., & Snape, E. 2007. Feedback-seeking behavior and leader-member exchange: Do supervisor-attributed motives matter?. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2): 348–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, D. C., Liu, J., & Fu, P. P. 2007. Feeling trusted by business leaders in China: Antecedents and the mediating role of value congruence. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(3): 321–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, K. S., Wang, H., & Hui, C. 2010. Currencies of exchange and global LMX: How they affect employee task performance and extra-role performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(4): 625–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. 2002. Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1): 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. 2002. The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 52–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, S. K., Ling, H. C., & Hsieh, S. Y. 2007. The mediating effects of leader-member exchange quality to influence the relationships between paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10(2): 127–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liden, R. C., Erdogan, B., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. 2006. Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependance: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 723–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. 2000. An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3): 407–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. 1993. A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 662–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, P. G. 2003. Paternalism as a positive form of leader-subordinate exchange: Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Iberoamerican Academic of Management, 1: 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslyn, J. M., & Uhl-Bien, M. 2001. Leader-member exchange and its dimensions: Effects of self-effort and other’s effort on relationship quality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 697–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masterson, S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. 2000. Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4): 738–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. 2009. Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader-member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6): 1412–1426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational citizenship behaviour: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. 2006. Leader-member exchange (LMX), paternalism and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2): 264–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. 2008. Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3): 566–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, E. K., Scandura, T. A., & Jayaraman, V. 2010. Cross-cultural generalizability of paternalistic leadership: An expansion of leader-member exchange theory. Group & Organization Management, 35(4): 391–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship beahviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1: 107–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puffer, S. M., & Meindl, J. R. 1992. The congruence of motives and incentives in a voluntary organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13: 425–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scandura, T. A., & Graen, G. B. 1984. Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69: 428–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scandura, T. A., Graen, G. B., & Novak, M. A. 1986. When managers decide not to decide autocratically: An investigation of leader-member exchange and decision influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4): 579–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, M. E. 1982. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.). Sociological methodology: 290–312. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangirala, S., Green, S. G., & Ramanujam, R. 2007. In the shadow of the boss’s boss: Effects of supervisors’ upward exchange relationships on employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2): 309–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J.-L. 1997. Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and guanxi in the Chinese context. Work and Occupations, 24: 56–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl-Bien, M., & Maslyn, M. 2003. Reciprocity in manager-subordinate relationships: Components, configurations, and outcomes. Journal of Management, 29: 511–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl-Bien, M., & Maslyn, M. 2005. Paternalism as a form of leadership: Differentiating paternalism from leader-member exchange. Paper presented at the 65th Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, August.

  • Van Dyne, L., Kamdar, D., & Joireman, J. 2008. In-role perceptions buffer the negative impact of low LMX on helping and enhance the positive impact of high LMX on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 1195–1207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, A.-C., & Cheng, B.-S. 2010. When does benevolent leadership lead to creativity? The moderating role of creative role identity and job autonomy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1): 106–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. 2005. Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behaivor. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3): 420–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, S. J., & Green, S. A. 1993. The effects of leader-member exchange on employee citizenship and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46: 1413–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3): 601–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T.-Y., Hsu, W.-L., & Cheng, B.-S. 2002. Expressing or suppressing anger: Subordinate’s anger responses to supervisors’ authoritarian behaviors in a Taiwan enterprise. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 18: 3–49 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon C. H. Chan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chan, S.C.H., Mak, Wm. Benevolent leadership and follower performance: The mediating role of leader–member exchange (LMX). Asia Pac J Manag 29, 285–301 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9275-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9275-3

Keywords

Navigation