Skip to main content
Log in

Does a Micro-Macro Link Exist Between Managerial Value of Reciprocity, Social Capital and Firm Performance? The Case of SMEs in China

  • Published:
Asia Pacific Journal of Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the deepening of China's economic reform, SMEs are starting to gain tremendous economic momentum and play an increasingly irreplaceable role in China's century-long bid for economic resurgence. Using a micro-macro link approach, this study investigates the effects of managerial value of reciprocity on both social capital and firm performance in China's rural SMEs. A structural equation modelling method was used to test hypotheses. Data from 177 SMEs in China provide supporting evidence that there exists a micro-macro link from managerial value of reciprocity, to social capital (trust) and to firm performance (both overall performance and competitiveness improvement).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldrich, H. E., & Wiedenmayer, G. 1993. From traits to rates: An ecological perspective on organizational foundings. In J. A. Katz & R.H. Brockhaus (Eds.). Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth:145–195. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, J. 1989. Wa, guanxi, and inhwa: managerial principles in Japan, China and Korea. Business Horizon, March/April: 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A. R., Li, J-.H., Harrison, R. T., & Robson, P. J. A. 2003. The increasing role of small business in the Chinese economy. Journal of Small Business Management, 41: 310–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. 1988. Structural modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, U., Forsgren, M., & Holm, U. 2002. The strategic impact of external networks: Subsidiary performance and competence development in the multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 979–996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. 1999. Amos 4.0 user's guide. Small Waters Corporation.

  • Asiainfo Daily China News. 2002. The shortage of capital for SME intensified, July. Dallas.

  • Atuahene-Gima, K., & Li, Y. 2002. When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, 66: 61–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. E. 1990. Market networks and corporate behaviour. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3): 589–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barney, J. B., & Hanson, M. H. 1995. Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 175–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. 1987. Practical issues in structural modelling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16: 78–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, M. 1998. The competitiveness of networked production: the role of trust and asset specificity. Journal of Management Studies, 35(4): 457–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. P., & Chen, C. C. 2004. On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: A process model of guanxi development, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21: 305–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Chow, I. H. S. 1999. Subcultures in Greater China: A comparison of managerial values in the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 16: 369–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, I. H. S., & Fu, P. P. 2000. Change and development in pluralistic settings: An exploration of HR practices in Chinese township and village enterprises. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4): 822–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. 1998. The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganisational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 23(4): 660–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. 1995. Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. 1960. The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Journal of Sociology, 25: 161–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91: 481–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, R. 1995. Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 85–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. 2000. Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrigan, K. R. 1985. Vertical integration and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Review, 28: 397–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennart, J. F. 1988. Transaction cost theory of equity joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 9(4): 361–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarillo, J. C. 1988. On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S., & Borgatti, S. A. 1997. A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 911–945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale. P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. 2000. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 17–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkbride, P. S., Tang, S. F. Y., & Westwood, R. I. 1991. Chinese conflict preferences and negotiating behaviour: Cultural and psychological influence. Organization Studies, 12(3): 365–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koka, B., & Prescott, J. E. 2002. Strategic alliance as social capital: a multinational view. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 795–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, A. 1992. Network dyads entrepreneurial setting: A study of the governance of exchange relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1): 76–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, C. M., & Busenitz, Lowell W. 2001. Growth intentions of entrepreneurs in a transitional economy: The People's Republic of China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall: 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. 2003. Industrial dynamics and managerial networking in an emerging market: The case of China. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1315–1327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., & Chen, M. 1997. Does guanxi influence firm performance? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 14:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., Tan. J, & Shenkar, O. 1998. Strategic responses to competitive pressure: The case of township and village enterprises in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 15: 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macaulay, S. 1963. Non-contractual relations in business: a preliminary study. American Sociological Review, 28: 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitland, I., Bryson, J., & Van de ven, A. 1985. Sociologists, economists, and opportunism. Academy of Management Review, 10(1): 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A. 1999. Bridging ties: A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2): 1133–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M. 1984. Limits of self-seeking: The role of morality in economic life. In D. Colander (Ed.). Neoclassical Political Economy: The Analysis of Rent-Seeking and DUP Activities: 71–85. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishira, A. K. 1996. Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In R. M. Kramer & T. M. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: 261–287. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 242–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, J. B. 1993. Between state, market and households: a neoinstitutional analysis of local organizations and institutions. World Development, 21(4): 623–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. 1978. Psychometric theory. Second edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. H., & Luo, Y. 2001. Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 455–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W. 2000. Business strategies in transition economies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W., & Heath, P. S. 1996. The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition: Institutions, organizations, and strategic choice. Academy of Management Review, 21: 492–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. 2000. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 486–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennings, J. M., Lee, K., & van Witteloostuijn, A. 1998. Human capital, social capital, and firm dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 425–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. 1993. Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. 1995. Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6: 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G. 1980. Cognition as an aspect of culture and its relation to management process: An extraordinary view of the Chinese case. Journal of Management Studies, 17: 127–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G. 1987. The study of managerial ideology among overseas Chinese owners. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 4(3): 167–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G. 1990. The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York and Berlin: de Gruyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G., & Richardson, S. 1986. Participative management and its varying relevance in Hong Kong and Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 3: 76–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G., Norman, A., & Shlander, A. 1993. The nature of individual attachment to the organization: A review of east Asia variations. In M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: 647–688. Palo alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press, vol. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. 1998. Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3): 393–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley, T. J. 1997. Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 887–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley, T. J., Behrens, B., & Krackhardt, D. 2000. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 369–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. John, C. H., & Harrison, J. S. 1999. Manufacturing-based relatedness, synergy, and coordination. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, W. 1994. The effect of national culture on the choice between licensing and direct foreign investment. Strategic Management Journal, 5(8): 627–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, X. M., & Parry, M. E. 1997. A cross-national comparative study of new product development process: Japan and the United States. Journal of Marketing, 61: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorelli, H. B. 1986. Networks: Between markets and hierarchies. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 37–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W. P. 2000. Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of intraorganizational linkages. Strategic Management Journal, 21(9): 925–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W. P. & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 464–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. 1996. In search of legitimacy: The private entrepreneur in China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall: 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. 1998. Can guanxi be a source of sustained competitive advantage for doing business in China? Academy of Management Executive, 12(2): 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzzi, B. 1997. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedeness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 35–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, G., Kogut, B., & Shan, W. 1997. Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science, 8(2): 109–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, R, Chan, A., & Linstead, S. 2004. Theorizing Chinese people Employment Relations comparatively: Exchange, Reciprocity and the Moral Economy. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21: 365–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O. E. 1983. Credible commitments: using hostages to support exchange. American Economic Review, 73:519–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O. E. 1991. Comparative economic organisation: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 267–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. P. 2000. Transaction cost, cultural values and Chinese business networks: An integrated approach. In K. B., Chan (Ed.). Chinese Business Networks: State, Economy and Culture: 25–56. Singapore: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xin, K. R. & Pearce, J. L. 1996. Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6): 1641–1658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Keming 2004. Institutional holes and entrepreneurship in China. The Sociological Review, 371–389.

  • Yang, L.-S. 1967. The concept of PAO as a basis for social relations in China. In J. K. Fairbank (Ed.). Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago: Phoenix Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, M. 1994. Gifts, favours, and banquets: the art of social relationships in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yli-Renko, H. Autio, E., & Spaienza, H. J. 2001. Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 587–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, H. 1997. Business networks and transactional corporations: A study of Hong Kong firms in the ASEAN region. Economic Geography, 73(1): 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer, A., & Venkatraman, N. 1995. Relational governance as an interorganisational strategy: an empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange. Strategic Management Journal, 16(5): 373–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer, A., McEvily, B., & Perrone, V. 1998. Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganisational and interpersonal trust on performance. Organisation Science 9(2): 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajac, E. J., & Olsen, C. P. 1993. From transaction cost to transactional value analysis: Implications for the study of interorganisational strategies. Journal of Management Studies, 30(1): 131–145.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei-ping Wu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wu, Wp., Leung, A. Does a Micro-Macro Link Exist Between Managerial Value of Reciprocity, Social Capital and Firm Performance? The Case of SMEs in China. Asia Pacific J Manage 22, 445–463 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-005-4119-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-005-4119-7

Keywords

Navigation