Abstract
Although the literature is growing regarding large-scale, system-wide implementation programs, the broader political and social contexts, including race and ethnicity, are frequently ignored. Using the Policy Ecology of Implementation framework (Raghavan et al., Implement Sci 3:26, 2008), Minnesota’s CEMIG is examined to investigate the role of social and political contexts in the implementation process and the barriers they create. Data from 22 interview transcripts from DHS administrators, agency grant managers, university educators, advocacy group representatives, and mental health board members, along with more than 1000 grant documents were qualitatively analyzed using content analysis to reveal three themes concerning how the participants experienced program implementation: invisibility, isolation, and inequity. Findings demonstrate the participants perceived that the grant program perpetuated inequities by neglecting to promote the program, advocate for clinicians of color, and coordinate isolated policy ecology systems. Strategies for future large-scale, system-wide mental health program implementation are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aarons, G., Green, A., Trott, E., Williging, C., Torres, E., Ehrhart, M., et al. (2016). The roles of system and organizational leadership in system-wide evidence-based intervention sustainment: A mixed-method study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 991–1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0751-4.
Aarons, G. A., Hurlburt, M., & Horwitz, S. M. (2011). Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-010-0327-7.
Aby, M. J. (2018). All over the map: A case study of Minnesota’s Cultural and Ethnic Minority Infrastructure Grant. St. Paul, MN: Department of Human Services.
Baskarada, S. (2014). Qualitative case study guidelines. The Qualitative Report, 19(24), 1–18. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2559424
Beidas, R., Stewart, R., Adams, D., Fernandez, T., Lustbader, S., Powell, B., … Barg, F. (2016) A multi-level examination of stakeholder perspectives of implementation of evidence-based practices in a large urban publicly-funded mental health system. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 893–908https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-015-0705-2
Brookman-Frazee, L., Stadnick, N., Roesch, S., Regan, J., Barnett, M., Bando, L., … Lau, A. (2016). Measuring sustainment of multiple practices fiscally mandated in children’s mental health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 1009–1022https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0731-8
Chin, M., Clarke, A., Noncon, R., Casey, A., Goddu, A., Keesecker, N., et al. (2012). A roadmap and best practices for organizations to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(8), 992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2082-9.
Crary, M. (2017). Working from dominant identity positions: Reflections from “Diversity-Aware” white people about their cross-race work relationships. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(2), 290–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317702607.
Cresswell, J. (2014). Research design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). National projections of supply and demand for selected behavioral health practitioners: 2013–2025. Retrieved January 29, 2019 from https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5063776-National-Projections-of-Supply-and-Demand-for.html.
Department of Human Services (DHS). (2006). Governor’s mental health initiative: Questions and answers. Retrieved December 13, 2016 from https://www.dhs.state.mn.us/main/groups/disabilities/documents/pub/dhs_id_056863~4.pdf
Ford, C., & Airhihenbuwa, C. (2010). Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: Toward Antiracism Praxis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S30–S35. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171058.
Gilgun, J. (1994). A case for case studies in social work research. Social Work, 39(4), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/39.4.371.
Gilgun, J. (2015). Beyond description to interpretation and theory in qualitative social work research. Qualitative Social Work, 14, 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325015606513.
Miles, M., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Minnesota Session Laws. (2007). Chapter 147, Article 8, Section 8. Retrieved from Minnesota Legislature website, Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved December 13, 2016 from https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/?id=147&year=2007.
Morse, J. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501.
Moua, K. N., Vang, P. D., & Yang, M. A. (unpublished). The Minnesota Hmong Social Workers’ Coalition: A model for recruiting, supporting, and mentoring Hmong social work students, professionals, and community leaders.
Nadeem, E., Weiss, D., Olin, S. S., Hoagwood, K., & Horwitz, S. (2016). Using a theory-guided learning collaborative model to improve implementation of EBPs in a state children’s mental health system: A pilot study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 978–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0735-4.
National Association of Social Workers (NASW). (n.d.). Code of ethics. Retrieved from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English.
Olin, S. S., Nadeem, E., Gleacher, A., Weaver, J., Weiss, D., Hoagwood, K., et al. (2016). What predicts clinician dropout from state-sponsored managing and adapting practice training. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1004/s10488-015-0709-y.
Padgett, D. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research. New York: Sage.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S., Green, C., Wisdom, J., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Powell, B. J., Beidas, R. S., Rubin, R. M., Stewart, R. E., Wolk, C. B., Matlin, S. L., … & Mandell, D. S. (2016). Applying the policy ecology framework to Philadelphia’s behavioral health transformation efforts. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43(6), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0733-6.
Powell, B. J., Mandell, D., Hadley, T., Rubin, R., Evans, A., Hurford, M., et al. (2017). Are general and strategic measures of organizational content and leadership associated with knowledge and attitudes toward evidence-based practices in public behavioral health settings? A cross-sectional observational study. Implementation Science, 12(64), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0593-9.
Raghavan, R., Bright, C. L., & Shadoin, A. (2008). Toward a policy ecology of implementation of evidence-based practices in public mental health settings. Implementation Science, 3, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/748-5908-3-26.
Rubin, R., Hurford, M., Hadley, T., Matlin, S., Weaver, S., & Evans, A. (2016). Synchronizing watches: The challenge of aligning implementation science and public systems. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 1023–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0759-9.
Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scheirer, M. A., & Dearing, J. (2011). An agenda for research on the sustainability of public health programs. American Journal of Public Health, 101(11), 2059–2067. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300193.
Skriner, L., Wolk, C. B., Adams, D., Rubin, R., Evans, A., & Beidas, R. (2017). Therapist and organizational factors associated with participation in evidence-based practice initiatives in a large urban publicly-funded mental health system. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 45, 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-017-9552-0.
So, M., McCord, R., & Kaminski, J. (2019). Policy levers to promote access to and utilization of children’s mental health services: A systematic review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. Online.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-00916-9.
SocioCultural Research Consultants. (2018). Dedoose Version 8.0.35, web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. Los Angeles, CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC. www.dedoose.com.
Southam-Gerow, M., Daleiden, E., Chorpita, B., Bae, C., Mitchell, C., Faye, M., et al. (2014). MAPping Los Angeles county: Taking an evidence-informed model of mental health care to scale. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.833098.
Stake, R. (2005). Multiple case study analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
Stone, E.M., Daumit, G., Kennedy-Hendricks, A., & McGinty, E. (2019). The policy ecology of behavioral health homes: Case study of Maryland’s Medicaid health home program. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. Online. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-00973-8.
Starin, A., Atkins, M., Wehrmann, K., Mehta, T., Hesson-McInnis, M., Marinez-Lora, A., et al. (2014). Moving science into state child and adolescent mental health systems: Illinois’ evidence-informed practice initiative. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.848772.
Stewart, R., Adams, D., Mandell, G., Nangia, G., Shaffer, L., Evans, A., … Beidas, R. (2017). Non-participants in policy efforts to promote evidence-based practices in a large behavioral health system. Implementation Science, 12(70), 1–8https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0598-4.
Walker, S., Hurvitz, P., Leith, J., Rodriguez, F., & Endler, G. (2016). Evidence-based program service deserts: A geographic information systems (GIS) approach to identifying service gaps for state-level implementation planning. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43, 850–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0743-4.
Walker, S., Sedlar, G., Berliner, L., Rodriguez, F., Davis, P., Johnson, S., & Leith, J. (2019). Advancing the state-level tracking of evidence-based practices: A case study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Online. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0280-0
Walker, S. C., Whitener, R., Trupin, E. W., & Migliarini, M. (2015). American Indian perspectives on evidence-based practice implementation: Results from a statewide tribal mental health gathering. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0530-4.
Wangari Walter, A., Ruiz, Y., Tourse, R., Kress, H., Morningstar, B., MacArthur, B., et al. (2017). Leadership matters: How hidden biases perpetuate institutional racism in organizations. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership, & Governance, 41(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2016.1249584.
Willging, C. E., Goodkind, J., Lamphere, L., Saul, G., Fluder, S., & Seanez, P. (2012). The impact of state behavioral health reform on Native American individuals, families, and communities. Qualitative Health Research, 22(7), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312440329.
Wiltsey Stirman, S., Gutner, C., Langdon, K., & Graham, J. (2016). Bridging the gap between research and practice in mental health service settings: An overview of developments in implementation theory and research. Behavior Therapy, 47, 920–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.12.001.
Wu, S., Wyant, D., & Fraser, M. (2016). Author guidelines for manuscripts reporting on qualitative research. Journal for the Society of Social Work & Research, 7(2), 405–425.
Yin, R. (2014). Case study research design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Funding
Minnesota’s DHS funded data collection, and data analysis was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number TL1TR000422. The methods, observations, and interpretations put forth in this article do not necessarily represent those of the funding agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
I do not have any conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The Human Subjects Division within the University of Washington declined oversight of this study, stating that it did not meet the federal definition of research.
Informed consent
All participants were informed of their rights prior to consenting to participate in this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aby, M.J. Race and Equity in Statewide Implementation Programs: An Application of the Policy Ecology of Implementation Framework. Adm Policy Ment Health 47, 946–960 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01033-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01033-2