Skip to main content
Log in

Global Aging: Challenges for Community Psychology

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
American Journal of Community Psychology

An Erratum to this article was published on 01 September 2010

Abstract

Older persons are among the major marginalized, disenfranchised citizens worldwide, yet this group has generally been ignored in the community psychology literature. In this paper, we trace the demographic trends in aging worldwide, and draw the field’s attention to the United Nations Program on Aging, which structures its policy recommendations in terms of concepts that are familiar to community psychologists. A central theme of the paper is that community psychology can have a role in producing the conceptual shifts needed to change societal attitudes now dominated by negative age stereotypes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Readers are encouraged to refer to a recent volume, Regional dimensions of the ageing situation, published by the United Nations (available online at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/research_papers.html) for further details about the demographic, socioeconomic, and policy issues due to population aging in different parts of the world.

  2. In many developing countries, old-age pensions, if any, are limited to former workers in the public sector or international corporations, and many countries are only starting to have universal pension programs which will take decades to mature (see UN 2007). China is starting to rebuild its pension system which disintegrated when it turned to market economy and many former state-owned enterprises went bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the social security umbrella covered only 14% of the workforce, most of whom were urban workers, though some 60% of the population is in rural areas (Cheng et al. 2008). This paper will not cover the issue of social security in detail, though a very important topic for aging societies as well as for community psychology.

References

  • Aboderin, I. (2004). Modernisation and ageing theory revisited: Current explanations of recent developing world and historical Western shifts in material family support for older people. Ageing & Society, 24, 29–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Academy of Professional Investigation. (2007). National Vocational Qualification. Retrieved June 11, 2007 from http://www.nvqinvestigation.co.uk/.

  • Altman, S. H., & Shactman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Policies for an aging society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Zarit, S. H., & Whitlatch, C. J. (1995). Profiles of caregiving: The unexpected career. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, M. M., Perkins, M. M., Whittington, F. J., Connell, B. R., Hollingsworth, C., King, S. V., et al. (2004). Managing decline in assisted living: The key to aging in place. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B, S202–S212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, M. M., & Reisenzein, R. (1986). The social world in long-term care institutions: Psychosocial control toward dependency? In M. M. Baltes & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), The psychology of control and aging (pp. 315–343). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, M. M., & Wahl, H. W. (1996). Patterns of communication in old age: The dependency support, independence ignore script. Health Communication, 8, 217–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binstock, R. H. (2002). The politics of enacting reform. In S. H. Altman & D. I. Shactman (Eds.), Policies for an aging society (pp. 346–377). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binstock, R. H., & Quadagno, J. (2001). Aging and politics. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookwala, J., & Schulz, R. (2000). A comparison of primary stressors, secondary stressors, and depressive symptoms between elderly caregiving husbands and wives: The caregiver health effects study. Psychology and Aging, 15, 607–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. N. (1989). Dispelling ageism: The cross-cutting intervention. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 503, 138–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T. (2009). The social networks of nursing-home residents in Hong Kong. Ageing & Society, 29, 163–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T., & Chan, A. C. M. (2003). Regulating quality of care in nursing homes in Hong Kong: A social-ecological analysis. Law & Policy, 25, 403–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T., & Chan, A. C. M. (2006). Filial piety and psychological well-being in well older Chinese. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B, P262–P269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T., Chan, W., & Chan, A. C. M. (2008a). Older people’s realisation of generativity in a changing society: The case of Hong Kong. Ageing & Society, 28, 609–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T., Chan, A. C. M., & Phillips, D. R. (2004). Quality of life in old age: An investigation of well older persons in Hong Kong. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 309–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S.-T., Chan, A. C. M., & Phillips, D. R. (2008b). Ageing trends in Asia and the Pacific. In United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Ed.), Regional dimensions of the ageing situation (pp. 35–69). New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darkwa, O. K., & Mazibuko, F. N. M. (2002). Population aging and its impact on elderly welfare in Africa. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 107–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denney, N. W., & Pearce, K. A. (1989). A developmental study of practical problem solving in adults. Psychology and Aging, 4, 438–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, C. L. (2001). Social policy and aging: A critical perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, E., & Werby, E. (1990). Supporting the independence of elderly residents through control over their environment. In L. A. Pastalan (Ed.), Aging in place: The role of housing and social supports (pp. 25–32). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, K. F. (2001). Aging and role transitions. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (5th ed., pp. 313–330). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatz, M., Barbarin, O. A., Tyler, F. B., Mitchell, R. E., Moran, J. A., Wirzbicki, P. J., et al. (1982). Enhancement of individual and community competence: The older adult as community worker. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 291–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatz, M., Hileman, C., & Amaral, P. (1984). Older adult paraprofessionals: Working with and behalf of older adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 347–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2004). Formal volunteering as a protective factor for older adults’ psychological well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B, S258–S264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guigliano, R. P., Camargo, C. A., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., & Zagrodsky, J. D. (1998). Elderly patients receive less aggressive medical and invasive management of unstable angina: Potential impact of clinical guidelines. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1113–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurung, R. A. R., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2003). Accounting for changes in social support among married older adults: Insights from the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Psychology and Aging, 18, 487–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, K. (1989). Ethical dilemmas in community intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 367–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, K. (1992). Ingredients for effective community change: Some field observations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 143–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, K. (1993). Prevention activities for older adults: Social structures and personal competencies that maintain useful social roles. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 124–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, K., King, C. M., Arroyo, A. M., & Polk, D. E. (1997). Community-based health interventions. In A. Baum, C. McManus, S. Newman, S. Weinman, & R. West (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine (pp. 203–206). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • HelpAge International. (2007). Older citizens’ monitoring. Retrieved June 8, 2007 from http://www.helpage.org/.

  • HelpAge International. (2004). Age and security. London: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulchanski, J. D. (1987). Cooperative housing in Canada (CPI Bibliography No. 191). Chicago, IL: Council of Planning Librarians.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Office. (2007). LABORSTA internet. Retrieved June 8, 2007 from http://laborsta.ilo.org/.

  • Kelly, J. G. (1988). A guide to conducting prevention research in the community: First steps. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, S., Vandeputte, D., Rice, K., Cheung, H., & Gubarchuk, J. (1995). Spontaneous adoption of elderspeak during referential communication tasks. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14, 40–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella, K., & Phillips, D. R. (2005). Global aging: The challenge of success. Population Bulletin, 60(1), 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knodel, J., Chayovan, N., Mithranon, P., Amornsirisomboon, P., & Arunraksombat, S. (2005). Thailand’s older population: Social and economic support as assessed in 2002. Population Studies Center Research Report No. 05-471, Institute for Social Research, Univ. of Michigan.

  • Krain, M. A. (1995). Policy implications for a society aging well: Employment, retirement, education, and leisure policies for the 21st century. American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 131–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leavitt, J., & Saegert, S. (1990). From abandonment to hope: Community-households in Harlem. New York: Columbia Unversity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M., & Levine, A. (1992). Helping children: A social history. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B. R. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, P203–P211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maton, K. I. (1989). Community settings as buffers of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual help groups, and senior centers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 203–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, R., & Giles, H. (2002). Ageism in the workplace: A communication perspective. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 163–199). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClendon, M. J., Smyth, K. A., & Neundorfer, M. M. (2006). Long-term-care placement and survival of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B, P220–P227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J., & Sherraden, M. (Eds.). (2001). Productive aging: Concepts and challenges. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, S. A. (Ed.). (1984). Special issue: Psychosocial environments for older adults: Resource-oriented possibilities. Journal of Community Psychology, 12, Number 4.

  • Musick, M. A., Herzog, A. R., & House, J. S. (1999). Volunteering and mortality among older adults: Findings from a national sample. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54B, S173–S180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2004). Caregiving in the US. Bethesda, MD: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Aging. (2007). Why population aging matters: A global perspective. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nystrom, N., & Jones, T. C. (2003). Community building with aging and old lesbians. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 293–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Policy Data, Switzerland. (2005). Social security programs throughout the world. Retrieved June 9, 2007 from http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/.

  • Ogg, J. (2005). Social exclusion and insecurity among older Europeans: The influence of welfare regimes. Ageing & Society, 25, 69–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oka, M. (2000). A special consumer cooperative association nursing home. In F. G. Caro, R. Morris, & J. R. Norton (Eds.), Advancing aging policy as the 21st century begins. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O”Neill, P. (1989). Responsible to whom? Responsible for what? Some ethical issues in community intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 323–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ory, M., Hoffman, M. K., Hawkins, M., Sanner, B., & Mockenhaupt, R. (2003). Challenging aging stereotypes: Strategies for creating a more active society. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 164–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, P. A., & Lawton, M. P. (1990). The design of special environments for the aged. In J. E. Birren & W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 465–489). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radecki, S. E., Kane, R. L., Solomon, D. H., & Mendenhall, R. C. (1988). Do physicians spend less time with older patients? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 713–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reday-Mulvey, G. (2000). Gradual retirement in Europe. In F. G. Caro, R. Morris, & J. R. Norton (Eds.), Advancing aging policy as the 21st century begins. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reissman, F. (1965). The “helper-therapy” principle. Social Work, 10, 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, M. W., Kahn, R. L., & Foner, A. (Eds.). (1994). Age and structural lag: Society’s failure to provide meaningful opportunities in work, family, and leisure. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, M. W., & Riley, J. W., Jr. (2000). Age integration: Conceptual and historical background. The Gerontologist, 40, 266–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rook, K. S., & Sorkin, D. H. (2003). Fostering social ties through a volunteer role: Implications for older-adults’ psychological health. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57, 313–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 433–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowles, G. D. (1987). A place to call home. In L. L. Carstensen & B. A. Edelstein (Eds.), Handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 335–353). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J. H. (2000). “The full Monty” and life-long learning in the 21st century. In F. G. Caro, R. Morris, & J. R. Norton (Eds.), Advancing aging policy as the 21st century begins (pp. 71–82). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinn, M. (2007). Waltzing with a monster: Bringing research to bear on public policy. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 215–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon-Rusinowitz, L., Mahoney, K. J., Loughlin, D. M., & Sadler, M. D. (2005). Paying family caregivers: An effective policy option in the Arkansas Cash and Counseling Demonstration and Evalulation. In R. K. Caputo (Ed.), Challenges of aging on US families: Policy and practice implications (pp. 83–105). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szendre, E. N., & Jose, P. E. (1996). Telephone support by elderly volunteers to inner-city children. Journal of Community Psycholoogy, 24, 87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2007). International Data Base. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html.

  • United Nations. (1995). Report of the world summit for social development. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2002). Report of the second world assembly on ageing. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Ed.). (2008). Regional dimensions of the ageing situation. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (2004). Report of the regional seminar on follow-up to the Shanghai Implementation Strategy for the Madrid and Macao plans of action on ageing. Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Population Division. (2005). Living arrangements of older persons around the world. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Population Division. (2007). World population prospects: The 2006 revision population database. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from http://esa.un.org/unpp/.

  • van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55B, S308–S318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, G. (2000). Homeless bird. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, J. A., & Ferraro, K. F. (2002). Thirty years of ageism research. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 339–358). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, T. (1987). Community psychology and empowerment: An activist’s insights. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2004). International plan of action on ageing: Report on implementation (Executive Board paper EB115/29). Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sheung-Tak Cheng or Kenneth Heller.

Additional information

A correction to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9257-5

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cheng, ST., Heller, K. Global Aging: Challenges for Community Psychology. Am J Community Psychol 44, 161–173 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9244-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9244-x

Keywords

Navigation