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Development pathways at the agriculture–urban interface: the case of Central Arizona

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Abstract

Particular visions of urban development are often codified in multi-year resource management policies. These policies, and the negotiations leading to them, are based in specific problem frames and narratives with long legacies. As conditions change and knowledge improves, there is often a need to revisit how problems, opportunities, and development pathways were defined historically, and to consider the viability of alternative pathways for development. In this article, we examine the case of agriculture near Metropolitan Phoenix, in the Central Arizona region, to highlight how frames and narratives embedded in policy can reinforce particular development pathways, even as information, conditions, and values evolve. Using expert interviews and secondary data, we document alternative frames and narratives that may offer different pathways for development and sustainability in the region. By highlighting alternative narratives, we demonstrate the uncertainties and limitations associated with all narratives about development pathways, and explore the possibilities that narrative shifts can alter future outcomes.

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Notes

  1. Following Ostrom (1990), we define institutions as the prescriptions that humans use to organize all forms of repetitive and structured interactions at all scales. In this context, institutions include policies, laws, regulations, and norms that govern social and environmental interactions.

  2. Pathways can emerge from many sources, such as everyday practice and experience, as well as from frames and narratives.

  3. Other important perspectives on current and future agriculture in the region that were beyond the scope of our research include urban (White et al. 2015), Native American (Bark and Jacobs 2009), ranching, and small farm (1-49 acres) perspectives.

  4. An acre-foot of water equals 325,851 gallons, enough water to supply two average Arizona households for 1 year.

  5. For example, the population of Maricopa County grew from 186,193 people in 1940 (Forstall 1995) to 3,817,117 people in 2010 (USBC 2014).

  6. In Central Arizona, safe yield is defined as achieving a long-term balance between annual water withdrawal and recharge within an AMA. The Pinal AMA is the only AMA in which safe yield is not the management goal.

  7. The Agricultural Settlement Pool started at 400,000 acre-feet (af). In 2017, 2025, and 2030, the pool will fall to 300,000 af, 225,000 af, and zero af respectively.

  8. “The Dynamics of Energy and Water for Central Arizona Agriculture” (February 27, 2013). Event details, including a video recording, are available at: https://dcdc.asu.edu/outreach/waterclimate-briefings/waterclimate-briefing-archive/.

  9. These contributions can be viewed at: http://azfarmersurvey.wordpress.com/.

Abbreviations

ADWR:

Arizona Department of Water Resources

AF:

Acre-feet

AMA:

Active Management Areas

BART:

Best Available Retrofit Technology

CAP:

Central Arizona Project

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

GMA:

Groundwater Management Act of 1980

MAF:

Million acre-feet

NGS:

Navajo Generating Station

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

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Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant SES-0951366, Decision Center for a Desert City II: Urban Climate Adaptation, with additional support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, CSI Award #NA110AR4310123, H. Eakin, PI. All findings presented are the responsibility of the authors, not the funding agencies. We would like to thank the interview participants for sharing their time, knowledge, and perspectives; Dr. Marty Anderies, John Connors, Emily Kaba, Summer Waters, Jessica Welch, and Sally Wittlinger for their support in this research; Sally Wittlinger for preparing Fig. 1; the 2012 Adaptation, Resilience, and Transformation workshop participants (Angela Cazel-Jahn, Cathy Rubiños, Skaidra Smith-Heisters, Jose Sosa, Robinson Torres Salinas) for their content analysis of public documents related to water and agriculture in Central Arizona; Dr. Ian Scoones and Dr. John Thompson (STEPS Centre) for sharing their useful insights during the early stages of writing this manuscript; and Dr. Allain Barnett (University of New Brunswick), Editor Dr. Harvey S. James Jr. and the reviewers for their constructive feedback that improved the manuscript.

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  1. School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Julia C. Bausch, Hallie Eakin, Cathy Rubiños & Rimjhim M. Aggarwal

  2. School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Skaidra Smith-Heisters & Abigail M. York

  3. School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA

    Dave D. White

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Bausch, J.C., Eakin, H., Smith-Heisters, S. et al. Development pathways at the agriculture–urban interface: the case of Central Arizona. Agric Hum Values 32, 743–759 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9589-8

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