Abstract
The Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB) is one of the largest fragments of Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and it is relevant for native species conservation. However, monocultures settled around the Park resulted in extensive open areas that facilitate the establishment of alien species on the PESB perimeter, which may threaten native species conservation therein, since biological invasion is the second main cause of global biodiversity loss. In this region, there are also farmers planting agroforestry systems (AFS), characterized by tree-based intercropping, which are structurally more similar to the Atlantic Rainforest reminiscent fragments present in the region and may limit local occurrence of potentially invasive exotic weeds for several reasons, such as the high levels of shade provided by trees, the groundcover that result from loss of tree leaves and the increased competition for belowground resources. This study aimed to test whether AFS limit exotic species establishment when compared to monoculture systems. Accordingly, three coffee monocultures and three agroforestry coffee plantations around the PESB were studied. In each of the six study areas, 30 plots of 1 m2 were established between the lines of coffee plantation, where all species present were surveyed. In both treatments, rarefaction curves were constructed to evaluate native and exotic richness, and diversity of these two categories was estimated through Simpson index inverse (1/D). All 13 sampled exotic species were present in monocultures, but only three of them occurred in AFS. Besides, alien diversity in monocultures (\(1/D\) = 2.173 ± 0.011) was significantly higher than in AFS (\(1/D\) = 1.031 ± 0.001). Such changes in alien plant community between land-use show that AFSs limit invasive species establishment. Therefore, when planted around protected areas, AFS may contribute to the control of biological invasions and to biodiversity conservation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apg III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161(2):105–121
Araújo DD, Chiodi RE, Ribeiro AP et al (2007) Análise da diversidade de espécies vegetais e sua relação com os solos de sistemas agroflorestais do Alto Jequitinhonha – MG. R Bras Agroecol 2(1):391–394
Árva D, Specziár A, Erős T, Tóth M (2015) Effects of habitat types and within lake environmental gradients on the diversity of chironomid assemblages. Limnologica 53:26–34
Baeza A, Estades CF (2010) Effect of the landscape context on the density and persistence of a predator population in a protected area subject to environmental variability. Biol Conserv 143(1):94–101
Baliza DP, Cunha RL, Guimarães RJ, Barbosa JPRAD, Ávila FW, Passos AMA (2012) Physiological characteristics and development of coffee plants under different shading levels. R Bras Ci Agr 7(1):37–43
Baruch Z, Bilbao B (1999) Effects of fire and defoliation on the life history of native and invader C4 grasses in a Neotropical savanna. Oecologia 119:510–520
Bateman IJ, Harwood AR, Mace GM et al (2013) Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: land use in the United Kingdom. Science 341(45):45–50
Bisseleua HBD, Fotio D, Yede Missoup AD, Vidal S (2013) Shade tree diversity, cocoa pest damage, yield compensating inputs and farmers’ net returns in West Africa. PLoS One 8(3):e56115
Caiafa AN, Silva AF (2007) Structural analysis of the vegetation on a highland granitic rock outcrop in Southeast Brazil. Rev Bras Bot 30(4):657–664
Cardoso VJM, Pereira FJM (2008) Germinação de sementes de Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem & Schult.: efeito do potencial hídrico. Braz J Bot 31:253–261
Cardoso IM, Guijt I, Franco FS, Carvalho AF, Ferreira-Neto PS (2001) Continual learning for agroforestry system design: University, NGO and farmer partnership in Minas Gerais. Brazil Agric Syst 69(3):235–257
Castro AP, Fraxe TJP, Santiago JL, Matos RB, Pinto IC (2009) Os sistemas agroflorestais como alternativa de sustentabilidade em ecossistemas de várzea no Amazonas. Acta Amaz 39(2):279–288
Charbonnier F, Maire G, Dreyer E et al (2013) Competition for light in heterogeneous canopies: application of MAESTRA to a coffee (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestry system. Agric Forest Meteorol 181:152–169
Colmanetti MAA, Shirasuna RT, Barbosa LM et al (2015) Non-arboreal vascular flora in a reforestation implanted with native seedlings. Hoehnea 42:725–735
da Silva L, Mueller S (2010) Avaliação de coberturas vegetais no solo sobre a incidência de plantas daninhas e na produtividade de tomate. Ágora Rev Divulg Científica 17:12–19
Daehler CC (2003) Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:183–211
DaMatta FM (2004) Ecophysiological constraints on the production of shaded and unshaded coffee: a review. Field Crops Res 86:99–114
de Medeiros N, Seixas DP, Batista JC et al (2017) Density-dependent regulation in a weed Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae). J Environ Anal Prog 2:7–10
Deitenbach A, Floriani GS, Dubois JCL, Vivan JL (2008) Manual agroflorestal para a Mata Atlântica. OPUS Editora, Brasília
Dobson AP, Bradshaw AD, Baker AJM (1997) Hopes for the future: restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science 277(5325):515–522
Estelita-Teixeira ME (1977) Propagação Vegetativa de Oxalis latifoliaKunth (Oxilidaceae). Bol Botânica 5:13–20
Ferrari EA (2010) Agricultura Familiar Camponesa: estratégias de reprodução socioeconômica e a contribuição da Agroecologia. Dissertation, Federal University of Viçosa
Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP et al (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309(5734):570–574
Garcia R, Couto L (1991) Sistemas silvipastoris: Experiências no estado de Minas Gerais. In: II Encontro Brasileiro de Economia e Planejamento Florestal. Anais… Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Floresta da Embrapa, Curitiba
Gasparino D, Malavasi UC, de Malavasi M, de Souza I (2006) Evaluation of seed bank under different soil uses. Rev Árvore 30:1–9
Grotkopp E, Rejmánek M (2007) High seedling relative growth rate and specific leaf area are traits of invasive species: phylogenetically independent contrasts of woody angiosperms. Am J Bot 94(4):526–532
Hoffmann WA, Haridasan M (2008) The invasive grass, Melinis minutiflora, inhibits tree regeneration in a Neotropical savanna. Austral Ecol 33:29–36
Jose S (2009) Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agrofor Syst 76(1):1–10
Klein AL, Felippe GM (1991) Efeito da luz na germinação de sementes de ervas invasoras. Pesqui Agropecuária Bras 26:955–966
Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Malden
Mendes MMS, Lacerda CF, Cavalcante ACR, Fernandes FEP, Oliveira TS (2013) Desenvolvimento do milho sob influência de árvores de pau-branco em sistema agrossilvipastoril. Pesqui Agropecu Bras 48(10):1342–1350
Miguel AE, Carvalho CHS (2005) Efeito do nível de luz sobre o crescimento de seis cultivares de café. In: IV Simpósio de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil, Londrina. Anais… Embrapa Café, Brasília
Molina-Montenegro MA, Atala C, Gianoli E (2010) Phenotypic plasticity and performance of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) in habitats of contrasting environmental heterogeneity. Biol Invasions 12:2277–2284
Montagnini F, Jordan CF (2005) Tropical forest ecology: the basis for management and conservation. Springer, Berlin
Moonen AC, Barberi P (2008) Functional biodiversity: an agroecosystem approach. Agric Ecosyst Environ 127(1–2):7–21
Neto RMR, Gama JRV (2005) Biomassa acima do solo de espécies herbáceas e subarbustivas com potencial medicinal em uma vegetação secundária. Ciênc Florest 13:19–24
Parendes LA, Jones JA (2000) Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Oregon Conserv Biol 14:64–75
Pattison RR, Goldstein G, Ares A (1998) Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species. Oecologia 17:449–459
Pauchard A, Alaback PB (2004) Influence of elevation, land use, and landscape context on patterns of alien plant invasions along roadsides in protected areas of South-Central Chile. Conserv Biol 18(1):238–248
Peneireiro FM (1999) Os sistemas agroflorestais dirigidos pela sucessão natural: Um estudo de caso. Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil, Dissertação
Perrings C, Williamson M, Dalmazzone S (eds) (2000) The economics of biological invasions. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham
Perrings C, Williamson M, Barbier EB et al (2002) Biological invasion risks and the public good: an economic perspective. Conserv Ecol 6(1):1–7
Phalan B, Onial M, Balmford A, Green RE (2011) Reconciling food production and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science 333(6047):1289–1291
Pinto LP (2014) Status e os novos desafios das Unidades de Conservação na Amazônia e Mata Atlântica. In: Lima GS, Almeida MP, Ribeiro GA (orgs.). Manejo e Conservação de Áreas Protegidas. Laboratório de Incêndios Florestais e de Conservação da Natureza, Viçosa
Ramos NC, Gastauer M, Cordeiro AAC, Meira-Neto JAA (2015) Environmental filtering of agroforestry systems reduces the risk of biological invasion. Agrofor Syst 89(2):279–289
Rao MR, Nair PKR, Ong CK (1997) Biophysical interactions in tropical agroforestry systems. Agrofor Syst 1(3):3–50
Ribeiro MC, Metzger JP, Martensen AC, Ponzoni FJ, Hirota MM (2009) The brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 142(6):1141–1153
Rice RA, Greenberg R (2000) Cacao cultivation and the conservation of biological diversity. Ambio 29(3):167–173
Rogers WE, Siemann E (2002) Effects of simulated herbivory and resource availability on native and invasive exotic tree seedlings. Basic Appl Ecol 3:297–307
Santos MG, da Sylvestre LS (2006) Floristics and economics aspects of the pteridophytes of rocky outcrop from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Acta Bot Bras 20:115–124
Schneider AA (2008) A flora naturalizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: herbáceas subespontâneas. Biociências 15:257–268
Simberloff D, Holle BV (1999) Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biol Invasions 1(1):21–32
Soares MP, Saporetti-Junior AW, Meira-Neto JAA, Silva AF, Souza AL (2006) Composição florística do estrato arbóreo de Floresta Atlântica interiorana em Araponga – Minas Gerais. Rev Árvore 30(5):859–870
Somerfield PJ, Clarke KR, Warwick RM (2008) Simpson Index. In: Jorgensen SE, Fath BD (eds) Encyclopedia of ecology, 1st edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 3252–3255
SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE (2014) Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica. http://mapas.sosma.org.br/. São Paulo, Centro de Documentação e Pesquisa da Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, Brasil
Species List of Brazilian Flora (2016) Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/. Access 29 Jan 2016
Zenni RD, Ziller SR (2011) An overview of invasive plants in Brazil. Braz J Bot 34:431–446
Acknowledgements
The authors thank CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG for grants and scholarships. JAAMN has CNPq productivity fellowship. We are also grateful to all farmers that allowed us to develop our fieldwork in their properties.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 2.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Almeida Campos Cordeiro, A., Coelho, S.D., Ramos, N.C. et al. Agroforestry systems reduce invasive species richness and diversity in the surroundings of protected areas. Agroforest Syst 92, 1495–1505 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0095-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0095-4