Abstract
In our study of electrical networks we develop two themes: finding explicit formulas for special classes of functions defined on the vertices of a transient network, namely monopoles, dipoles, and harmonic functions. Secondly, our interest is focused on the properties of electrical networks supported on Bratteli diagrams. We show that the structure of Bratteli diagrams allows one to describe algorithmically harmonic functions as well as monopoles and dipoles. We also discuss some special classes of Bratteli diagrams (stationary, Pascal, trees), and we give conditions under which the harmonic functions defined on these diagrams have finite energy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Daniel, A., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Stochastic processes induced by singular operators. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 33(7–9), 708–735 (2012)
Alpay, D., Jorgensen, P., Levanony, D.: A class of Gaussian processes with fractional spectral measures. J. Funct. Anal. 261(2), 507–541 (2011)
Alpay, D., Jorgensen, P., Seager, R., Volok, D.: On discrete analytic functions: products, rational functions and reproducing kernels. J. Appl. Math. Comput. 41(1–2), 393–426 (2013)
Ancona, A., Lyons, R., Peres, Y.: Crossing estimates and convergence of Dirichlet functions along random walk and diffusion paths. Ann. Probab. 27(2), 970–989 (1999)
Anantharaman, C., Renault, J.: Amenable groupoids. In: Groupoids in Analysis, Geometry, and Physics, Boulder, CO, 1999. Contemp. Math., vol. 282, pp. 35–46. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2001)
Barnsley, M.F.: Superfractals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
Bezuglyi, S., Dooley, A.H., Kwiatkowski, J.: Topologies on the group of Borel automorphisms of a standard Borel space. Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. 27(2), 333–385 (2006)
Bezuglyi, S., Handelman, D.: Measures on Cantor sets: the good, the ugly, the bad. Transl. Am. Math. Soc. 366(12), 6247–6311 (2014)
Bezuglyi, S., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Representations of Cuntz-Krieger relations, dynamics on Bratteli diagrams, and path-space measures. In: Trends in Harmonic Analysis and Its Applications. Contemp. Math., vol. 650, pp. 57–88. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2015)
Bratteli, O., Jorgensen, P.E.T., Kim, K.H., Roush, F.: Non-stationarity of isomorphism between AF algebras defined by stationary Bratteli diagrams. Ergod. Theory Dyn. Syst. 20(6), 1639–1656 (2000)
Bratteli, O., Jorgensen, P.E.T., Kim, K.H., Roush, F.: Decidability of the isomorphism problem for stationary AF-algebras and the associated ordered simple dimension groups. Ergod. Theory Dyn. Syst. 21(6), 1625–1655 (2001)
Bratteli, O., Jorgensen, P.E.T., Kim, K.H., Roush, F.: Computation of isomorphism invariants for stationary dimension groups. Ergod. Theory Dyn. Syst. 22(1), 99–127 (2002)
Bratteli, O., Jorgensen, P.E.T., Ostrovskyĭ, V.: Representation theory and numerical AF-invariants. The representations and centralizers of certain states on \(\mathcal{O}_{d}\). Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 168, 797 (2004), xviii+178 pp.
Bezuglyi, S., Karpel, O.: Bratteli diagrams: structure, measures, dynamics. Preprint (2015)
Bezuglyi, S., Kwiatkowski, J., Medynets, K., Solomyak, B.: Invariant measures on stationary Bratteli diagrams. Ergod. Theory Dyn. Syst. 30(4), 973–1007 (2010)
Bott, R.: Electrical Network Theory. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor (1949). Thesis (Ph.D.), Carnegie Mellon University
Bratteli, O.: Inductive limits of finite dimensional \(C^{\ast}\)-algebras. Transl. Am. Math. Soc. 171, 195–234 (1972)
Cartier, P.: Géométrie et analyse sur les arbres. In: Séminaire Bourbaki, 24ème année (1971/1972), Exp. No. 407. Lecture Notes in Math., vol. 317, pp. 123–140. Springer, Berlin (1973)
Cho, I.: Algebras Graphs and Their Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2014). Edited by Palle E.T. Jorgensen
Chung, S.-Y.: Identification of resistors in electrical networks. J. Korean Math. Soc. 47(6), 1223–1238 (2010)
Connes, A.: Gravity coupled with matter and the foundation of non-commutative geometry. Commun. Math. Phys. 182(1), 155–176 (1996)
Persi, D.: A generalization of spectral analysis with application to ranked data. Ann. Stat. 17(3), 949–979 (1989)
Diekman, C.O.: Modeling and Analysis of Electrical Network Activity in Neuronal Systems. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor (2010). Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Michigan
Dutkay, D.E., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Spectral theory for discrete Laplacians. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 4(1), 1–38 (2010)
Dutkay, D.E., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Affine fractals as boundaries and their harmonic analysis. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 139(9), 3291–3305 (2011)
Dutkay, D.E., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Spectral duality for unbounded operators. J. Oper. Theory 65(2), 325–353 (2011)
Dutkay, D.E., Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Spectral measures and Cuntz algebras. Math. Comput. 81(280), 2275–2301 (2012)
D’Andrea, J., Merrill, K.D., Packer, J.: Fractal wavelets of Dutkay-Jorgensen type for the Sierpinski gasket space. In: Frames and Operator Theory in Analysis and Signal Processing. Contemp. Math., vol. 451, pp. 69–88. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2008)
Doob, J.L.: Boundary properties for functions with finite Dirichlet integrals. Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 12, 573–621 (1962)
Du, J.: On Non-Zero-Sum Stochastic Game Problems with Stopping Times. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor (2012). Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Southern California
Durand, F.: Combinatorics on Bratteli diagrams and dynamical systems. In: Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory. Encyclopedia Math. Appl., vol. 135, pp. 324–372. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)
Exel, R., Renault, J.: Semigroups of local homeomorphisms and interaction groups. Ergod. Theory Dyn. Syst. 27(6), 1737–1771 (2007)
Farsi, C., Gillaspy, E., Kang, S., Packer, J.A.: Separable representations, KMS states, and wavelets for higher-rank graphs. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 434(1), 241–270 (2016)
Furstenberg, H., Katznelson, Y., Weiss, B.: Ergodic theory and configurations in sets of positive density. In: Mathematics of Ramsey Theory. Algorithms Combin., vol. 5, pp. 184–198. Springer, Berlin (1990)
Furstenberg, H., Weiss, B.: Markov processes and Ramsey theory for trees. Comb. Probab. Comput. 12(5–6), 547–563 (2003). Special issue on Ramsey theory
Georgakopoulos, A.: Uniqueness of electrical currents in a network of finite total resistance. J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 82(1), 256–272 (2010)
Georgakopoulos, A., Haeseler, S., Keller, M., Lenz, D., Wojciechowski, R.K.: Graphs of finite measure. J. Math. Pures Appl. (9) 103(5), 1093–1131 (2015)
Grimmett, G.R., Holroyd, A.E., Peres, Y.: Extendable self-avoiding walks. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré D 1(1), 61–75 (2014)
Giordano, T., Putnam, I.F., Skau, C.F.: Topological orbit equivalence and \(C^{*}\)-crossed products. J. Reine Angew. Math. 469, 51–111 (1995)
Helfgott, H.A.: Growth in groups: ideas and perspectives. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 52(3), 357–413 (2015)
Herman, R.H., Putnam, I.F., Skau, C.F.: Ordered Bratteli diagrams, dimension groups and topological dynamics. Int. J. Math. 3(6), 827–864 (1992)
Ionescu, M., Muhly, P.S.: Groupoid methods in wavelet analysis. In: Group Representations, Ergodic Theory, and Mathematical Physics: A Tribute to George W. Mackey. Contemp. Math., vol. 449, pp. 193–208. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2008)
Ionescu, M., Muhly, P.S., Vega, V.: Markov operators and \(C^{*}\)-algebras. Houst. J. Math. 38(3), 775–798 (2012)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Kornelson, K.A., Shuman, K.L.: An operator-fractal. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 33(7–9), 1070–1094 (2012)
Jorgensen, P.E.T.: Analysis and Probability: Wavelets, Signals, Fractals. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 234. Springer, New York (2006)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Pearse, E.P.J.: A Hilbert space approach to effective resistance metric. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 4(4), 975–1013 (2010)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Paolucci, A.M.: States on the Cuntz algebras and \(p\)-adic random walks. J. Aust. Math. Soc. 90(2), 197–211 (2011)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Pearse, E.P.J.: Resistance boundaries of infinite networks. In: Random Walks, Boundaries and Spectra. Progr. Probab., vol. 64, pp. 111–142. Springer Basel AG, Basel (2011)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Paolucci, A.M.: \(q\)-Frames and Bessel functions. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 33(7–9), 1063–1069 (2012)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Pearse, E.P.J.: A discrete Gauss-Green identity for unbounded Laplace operators, and the transience of random walks. Isr. J. Math. 196(1), 113–160 (2013)
Jorgensen, P.E.T., Pearse, E.P.J.: Spectral comparisons between networks with different conductance functions. J. Oper. Theory 72(1), 71–86 (2014)
Jorgensen, P., Tian, F.: Frames and factorization of graph Laplacians. Opusc. Math. 35(3), 293–332 (2015)
Jorgensen, P., Tian, F.: Infinite networks and variation of conductance functions in discrete Laplacians. J. Math. Phys. 56(4), 043506 (2015). 27
Kigami, J.: Analysis on Fractals. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 143. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
Keller, M., Lenz, D., Schmidt, M., Wirth, M.: Diffusion determines the recurrent graph. Adv. Math. 269, 364–398 (2015)
Keller, M., Lenz, D., Warzel, S.: On the spectral theory of trees with finite cone type. Isr. J. Math. 194(1), 107–135 (2013)
Katsura, T., Muhly, P.S., Sims, A., Tomforde, M.: Graph algebras, Exel-Laca algebras, and ultragraph algebras coincide up to Morita equivalence. J. Reine Angew. Math. 640, 135–165 (2010)
Lyons, R., Peres, Y.: Probability on trees and networks. http://mypage.iu.edu/~rdlyons/prbtree/bookcr.pdf
Latrémolière, F., Packer, J.A.: Noncommutative solenoids and their projective modules. In: Commutative and Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis and Applications. Contemp. Math., vol. 603, pp. 35–53. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2013)
Marrero, A.E., Muhly, P.S.: Groupoid and inverse semigroup presentations of ultragraph \(C^{*}\)-algebras. Semigroup Forum 77(3), 399–422 (2008)
Mokobodzki, G., Pinchon, D. (eds.): Théorie du potentiel. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1096. Springer, Berlin (1984)
Marcolli, M., Paolucci, A.M.: Cuntz-Krieger algebras and wavelets on fractals. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 5(1), 41–81 (2011)
Nash-Williams, C.St.J.A.: Random walk and electric currents in networks. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 55, 181–194 (1959)
Petit, C.: Harmonic functions on hyperbolic graphs. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 140(1), 235–248 (2012)
Powers, R.T.: Resistance inequalities for the isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet. J. Math. Phys. 17(10), 1910–1918 (1976)
Peres, Y., Sousi, P.: Brownian motion with variable drift: 0-1 laws, hitting probabilities and Hausdorff dimension. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 153(2), 215–234 (2012)
Qian, D., Zhang, X.: Potential distribution on random electrical networks. Acta Math. Appl. Sin. Engl. Ser. 27(3), 549–559 (2011)
Renault, J.: AF equivalence relations and their cocycles. In: Operator Algebras and Mathematical Physics, Constanţa, 2001, pp. 365–377. Theta, Bucharest (2003)
Shilov, G.E., Gurevich, B.L.: Integral, Measure and Derivative: A Unified Approach, english edn. Dover, New York (1977). Translated from the Russian and edited by Richard A. Silverman, Dover Books on Advanced Mathematics
Soardi, P.M.: Potential Theory on Infinite Networks. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1590. Springer, Berlin (1994)
Sokol, A.: An elementary proof that the first hitting time of an open set by a jump process is a stopping time. In: Séminaire de Probabilités XLV. Lecture Notes in Math., vol. 2078, pp. 301–304. Springer, Cham (2013)
Smale, S., Zhou, D.-X.: Geometry on probability spaces. Constr. Approx. 30(3), 311–323 (2009)
Smale, S., Zhou, D.-X.: Online learning with Markov sampling. Anal. Appl. 7(1), 87–113 (2009)
Tsuchiya, T., Ohtsuki, T., Ishizaki, Y., Watanabe, H., Kajitani, Y., Kishi, G.: Topological degrees of freedom of electrical networks. In: Proc. Fifth Annual Allerton Conf. on Circuit and System Theory, Monticello, IL, 1967, pp. 644–653. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana (1967)
Woess, W.: Random Walks on Infinite Graphs and Groups. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 138. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000)
Woess, W.: Denumerable Markov Chains. Generating Functions, Boundary Theory, Random Walks on Trees. EMS Textbooks in Mathematics. European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich (2009)
Yamasaki, M.: Discrete potentials on an infinite network. Mem. Fac. Sci. Shimane Univ. 13, 31–44 (1979)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
To the memory of Ola Bratteli.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bezuglyi, S., Jorgensen, P.E.T. Monopoles, Dipoles, and Harmonic Functions on Bratteli Diagrams. Acta Appl Math 159, 169–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10440-018-0189-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10440-018-0189-7
Keywords
- Bratteli diagram
- Laplace operator
- Random walk
- Electrical network
- Monopole
- Dipole
- Harmonic function
- Semibranching function system
- Pascal graph
- Green’s function
- Symmetry