Abstract
A systematic, elementary and pedagogical approach to a class of soliton equations, and to their spectral formulation, is presented. This approach, based on the use of exponential polynomials, follows naturally from a comparison of some simple results for two representatives of the class: the KdV- and the Boussinesq-equation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ablowitz, M.J., Kaup, D.J., Newell, A.C., Segur, H.: The inverse scattering transform—Fourier analysis for nonlinear problems. Stud. Appl. Math. 53, 249–315 (1974)
Bell, E.T.: Exponential polynomials. Ann. Math. 35, 258–263 (1934)
Bogdanov, L.V., Zakharov, V.E.: The Boussinesq equation revisited. Physica D 165, 137–162 (2002)
Boussinesq, J.: Théorie de l’intumescence liquide appelée onde solitaire ou de translation, se propageant dans un canal rectangulaire. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 72, 755–759 (1871)
Burgers, J.M.: A mathematical model illustrating the theory of turbulence. Adv. Appl. Mech. 1, 171–199 (1948)
Chen, H.H.: Relation between Bäcklund transformations and inverse scattering problems. In: Miura, R. (ed.) Bäcklund Transformations, the Inverse Scattering Method, Solitons and Their Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 515, pp. 241–252. Springer, Berlin (1976)
Cole, J.D.: On a quasilinear parabolic equation occurring in aerodynamics. Q. Appl. Math. 9, 225–236 (1951)
de Bruno, F.: Notes sur une nouvelle formule de calcul différenciel. Q. J. Pure Appl. Math. 1, 359–360 (1857)
Fokas, A.S., Kaup, D.J., Newell, A.C., Zakharov, V.E. (eds.): Nonlinear processes in physics. In: Proceedings of the III Potsdam V Kiev Workshop, 1–11 August 1991, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY. Springer, Berlin (1993)
Fordy, A.P.: Soliton Theory: A Survey of Results. Manchester University Press, Manchester (1990)
Fuchssteiner, B.: Application of hereditary symmetries to nonlinear evolution equations. Nonlinear Anal. 3, 849–862 (1979)
Gardner, C.S., Green, J.M., Kruskal, M.D., Miura, R.M.: Method for solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1095–1097 (1967)
Gibbon, J.D., Radmore, P., Tabor, M., Wood, D.: The Painlevé property and Hirota D-operators. SIAM 72, 39–63 (1985)
Gilson, C., Lambert, F., Nimmo, J., Willox, R.: On the combinatorics of the Hirota D-operators. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 452, 223–234 (1996)
Hietarinta, J.: Hirota’s bilinear method and partial integrability. In: Conte, R., Boccara, N. (eds.) Partially Integrable Evolution Equations in Physics, pp. 459–478. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1990)
Hietarinta, J., Kruskal, M.D.: Hirota forms for the six Painlevé equations from singularity analysis. In: Levi, D., Winternitz, P. (eds.) Painlevé Transcendents—Their Asymptotics and Physical Applications, pp. 175–186. Plenum, New York (1992)
Hirota, R.: Direct method of finding exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. In: Miura, R. (ed.) Bäcklund Transformations, the Inverse Scattering Method, Solitons and Their Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 515, pp. 40–68. Springer, Berlin (1976)
Hirota, R.: Direct methods in soliton theory. In: Bullough, R.K., Caudrey, P.J. (eds.) Solitons, pp. 157–176. Springer, Berlin (1980)
Hirota, R., Satsuma, J.: N-soliton solutions of model equations for shallow water waves. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 40, 611–612 (1976)
Hirota, R., Satsuma, J.: Nonlinear evolution equations generated from the Bäcklund transformation for the Boussinesq equation. Prog. Theor. Phys. 57, 797–807 (1977)
Hopf, E.: The partial differential equation u t +uu x =μ u 2x . Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 3, 201–230 (1950)
Jimbo, M., Miwa, T.: Solitons and infinite dimensional lie algebras. Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 19, 943–1001 (1983)
Kadomtsev, B.B., Petviashvili, V.I.: On the stability of solitary waves in weakly dispersive media. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 15, 539–541 (1970)
Korteweg, D.J., de Vries, G.: On the change of the form of long waves advancing in a rectangular canal, and on a new type of long stationary waves. Philos. Mag. Ser. 5 39, 442–443 (1895)
Lambert, F., Springael, J., Colin, S., Willox, R.: An elementary approach to hierarchies of soliton equations. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, 054005-1–10 (2007)
Lax, P.D.: Integrals of nonlinear equations of evolutions and solitary waves. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 21, 467–490 (1968)
Matveev, V.B., Salle, M.A.: Darboux Transformations and Solitons. Springer, Berlin (1991)
McKean, H.P.: Boussinesq’s equation on the circle. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 34, 599–691 (1981)
Miura, R.M.: Korteweg-de Vries equation and generalizations. J. Math. Phys. 9, 1202–1204 (1968)
Ramani, A.: Inverse scattering, ordinary differential equations of Painlevé-type, and Hirota’s bilinear formalism. In: Lebowitz, J.L. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Collective Phenomena. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, pp. 54–67. New York Academy of Sciences, New York (1981)
Sawada, K., Kotera, T.: A method for finding N-soliton solutions of the KdV equation and KdV-like equations. Prog. Theor. Phys. 51, 1355–1367 (1974)
Wahlquist, H.D., Estabrook, F.B.: Bäcklund transformation for solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 1386–1390 (1973)
Whitham, G.B.: Linear and Nonlinear Waves. Wiley, New York (1974)
Zakharov, V.E.: On the problem of stochastization of one-dimensional chains of linear oscillators. Z. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, 219–225 (1973)
Zakharov, V.E.: On stochastization of one dimensional chains of nonlinear oscillations. Sov. Phys. JETP 38, 240–243 (1974)
Zakharov, V.E., Faddeev, L.D.: Korteweg-de Vries equation: A completely integrable Hamiltonian system. Funct. Anal. Appl. 5, 280–287 (1972)
Zakharov, V.E., Shabat, A.B.: A scheme for integrating the nonlinear equations of mathematical physics by the method of the inverse scattering problem. Funct. Anal. Appl. 8, 226–235 (1974)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lambert, F., Springael, J. Soliton Equations and Simple Combinatorics. Acta Appl Math 102, 147–178 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10440-008-9209-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10440-008-9209-3