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Clinical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy

Klinische Aspekte des primären Hyperparathyreoidismus: klinische Symptomatik, Diagnose und Therapie

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Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. An autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone leading to hypercalcemia, which is not downregulated by the calcium-sensing receptor, is the pathophysiological basis of the disease. The classical manifestations of PHPT include a generalized bone disease, kidney stones, and nephrocalcinosis, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, the clinical presentation of PHPT, however, has changed in Western countries, it occurs oligo-asymptomatic in up to 80 %. Clinical examination, laboratory, and imaging techniques for the characterization of the disease and the localization include the diagnostic procedure. If possible, parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for clinically overt PHPT, for asymptomatic PHPT guidelines were developed in order to decide in individual cases between surgical and conservative approach; this consists of monitoring, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, as well as hydration. Medical therapy includes bisphosphonates and calcimimetics.

Zusammenfassung

Der PHPT ist die häufigste Ursache einer Hyperkalziämie. Eine autonome Überproduktion von Parathormon, die zur Hyperkalziämie führt und nicht über den Kalzium-sensing Rezeptor downreguliert wird, ist die pathophysiologische Grundlage der Erkrankung. Klassische Manifestationen des PHPT sind eine generalisierte Knochenerkrankung, Nierensteine und Nephrokalzinose, gastrointestinale, kardiovaskuläre, neuromuskuläre und neuropsychiatrische Symptome. In letzter Zeit hat sich die klinische Präsentation des PHPT in den westlichen Ländern geändert, er tritt in bis zu 80 % oligo- bis asymptomatisch auf. Klinische Untersuchung, Labor und bildgebende Verfahren zur Charakterisierung des Krankheitsbildes und zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik umfassen die Diagnostik. Wenn möglich ist die Parathyreoidektomie die Therapie der Wahl bei klinisch manifestem PHPT, für den asymptomatischen PHPT wurden Richtlinien erarbeitet, um im Einzelfall zwischen Operation und konservativem Vorgehen zu entscheiden; dieses besteht in Monitoring, adäquater Kalzium- und Vitamin D-Zufuhr sowie Hydrierung. Zur medikamenösen Therapie stehen Bisphosphonate und Kalzimimetika zur Verfügung.

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Correspondence to Rudolf Wolfgang Gasser.

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Gasser, R.W. Clinical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Wien Med Wochenschr 163, 397–402 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-013-0235-z

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