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Gender aspects of treatment and drug related toxicity in medical oncology

Gender Medizin in der Onkologie

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Zusammenfassung

Das ganze Feld der Onkologie befindet sich in stürmischer Entwicklung, da nun Erkenntnisse aus mehreren Jahrzehnten Grundlagenforschung und die gewonnenen Erfahrungen aus der Klinik umgesetzt werden können. Erfreulicherweise sind seit der Mitte der neunziger Jahre des vergangenen Jahrhunderts, Inzidenz und Mortalitätsraten an bösartigen Erkrankungen rückläufig, was sich in der Europäischen Union mit einem Rückgang von 1 % / Jahr oder 80 000 prognostizierten Todesfällen auswirkt. Das Spektrum der malignen Erkrankungen und auch die Verlaufsformen sind bei beiden Geschlechtern höchst unterschiedlich. Bei gleicher Therapie leben Frauen mit fortgeschrittenen Tumorerkrankungen zumeist länger als Männer. Bis vor kurzem war es jedoch nicht üblich, Studienergebnisse getrennt für beide Geschlechter auszuwerten und auch das Wissen über geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in Phamakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik der angewandten Substanzen fehlte weitgehend, da wie in anderen Fächern der Medizin, Frauen selten an Studien für Erkrankungen, die beide Geschlechter betreffen, aufgenommen wurden. Nun wird dieses Defizit langsam aufgeholt. Die dabei gewonnenen Daten fügen sich sinnvoll in verbesserte Dosierungsmodelle für Zytostatika und andere Pharmaka ein, die in der Onkologie noch immer auf der fraglich genauen und fraglich relevanten Schätzung der Körperoberfläche beruhen. In ein so komplexes Feld wie eine Krebserkrankung spielen außerdem sozioökonomische und soziokulturelle Faktoren mit, die bei den Geschlechtern höchst unterschiedlich gewichtet sind. Insgesamt eröffnet die gendersensitive Betrachtung möglicherweise neue Möglichkeiten, wie jüngst bei der chronisch lymphatischen Leukämie eindrucksvoll vorgeführt wurde.

Summary

The whole field of Oncology benefits from the huge amount of basic science "invested" and from the experience accumulated during several decades that enables more patients with malignant diseases to be cured or to survive for longer periods. Incidence and mortality rates from cancer have been decreasing by around 1 % per year since the mid-nineties of the past century in the European Union. However, the spectrum of malignant diseases and the outcome is not equally distributed between the two sexes. Startlingly, in advanced cancers, women receiving the same treatment schemes as men fare better. Until recently, however, the pharmacological knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic action of cytotoxic drugs was scarce for women, as like in other fields of medicine, studies recruited far more men than women and because results were often not reported separately for both sexes. These practices are slowly changing and gender specific outcome data are progressively accumulating. Such data on gender-specific differences or similarities are essential for building newer, more adequate tools for dosing drugs than the current form based on a "falsely accurate and individualzed" estimation of the body surface area. Nevertheless, the socioeconomical and sociocultural context of living remains genderspecifically different, influencing the coping of individuals with a life-threatening disease. On the other hand, as recently shown for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, gender-specific analysis might open new insights in the biology of the disease and modify treatment strategies.

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Marosi, C. Gender aspects of treatment and drug related toxicity in medical oncology. Wien Med Wochenschr 156, 534–540 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0347-9

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