Abstract
In the 10 years since the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, debris flow disasters have occurred many times in the areas affected by the earthquake. These debris flows are widely distributed, have strong explosive force, and pose a significant hazard. In this work, high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation of 43 gullies along the Duwen Highway over six periods was combined with field investigation and ArcGIS analysis in order to discuss spatio-temporal evolution and distribution characteristics of the source area. The main results are (i) The number, area and volume of landslides decreased rapidly in 5 years after the earthquake, and gradually slowed down after 5 years due to soil consolidation; (ii) A landslide evolution model was proposed to predict that the source of the post-earthquake landslide will return to the pre-earthquake level around 2036; and (iii) The catchment area was positively correlated with source area and attenuation rate, but source area density was negatively correlated. (iv) After the earthquake, the centroid point of the landslide source decreased from year to year. The research results reveal the spatial–temporal evolution and distribution characteristics of landslide source after earthquake, providing reference for the staging and zoning prevention of debris flow landslide in earthquake-prone regions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Chang M, Tang C, Jiang ZL, Ma GC (2014) Remote sensing dynamic evolution of debris flow source in Longchi Town of Dujiangyan City. Mt Res 32:89–97 (in Chinese)
Chang M, Tang C, Van Asch TWJ, Cai F (2017) Hazard assessment of debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, South West China. Landslides 14:1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0824-9
Chen M, Tang C, Xiong J, Shi QY, Li N, Gong LF, Wang XD, Tie Y (2020) The long-term evolution of landslide activity near the epicentral area of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Geomorphology 367:107317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107317
Chen XZ, Cui YF (2017) The formation of the Wulipo landslide and the resulting debris flow in Dujiangyan City, China. J Mt Sci 14:1100–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4392-1
Cui P, Guo XJ, Yan Y, Li Y, Ge YG (2018) Real-time observation of an active debris flow watershed in the Wenchuan Earthquake area. Geomorphology 321:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.024
Fan XM, Scaringi G, Korup O, West AJ, Westen CJ, Tanyas H, Hovius N, Hales TC, Jibson RW, Allstadt KE, Zhang LM, Evans SG, Xu C, Li G, Pei XJ, Xu Q, Huang RQ (2019) Earthquake-induced chains of geologic hazards: patterns, mechanisms, and impacts. Rev Geophys 57:421–503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000626
Fan XM, Scaringi G, Xu Q, Zhan WW, Dai LL, Li YS, Pei XJ, Yang Q, Huang RQ (2018) Coseismic landslides triggered by the 8th August 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (Sichuan, China): factors controlling their spatial distribution and implications for the seismogenic blind fault identification. Landslides 15:967–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0960-x
Ge YG, Cui P, Zhang JQ, Zeng C, Su FH (2015) Catastrophic debris flows on July 10th 2013 along the Min River in areas seriously-hit by the Wenchuan Earthquake. J Mt Sci 12:186–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3100-7
Heckerman D (1986) Probabilistic interpretations for Mycin’s certainty factors. Mach Intell Patt Rec 4:167–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-70058-2.50017-6
Hu X, Hu K, Tang J, You Y, Wu C (2019) Assessment of debris-flow potential dangers in the Jiuzhaigou Valley following the August 8, 2017, Jiuzhaigou earthquake, western China. Eng Geol 256:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.05.004
Huang RQ, Yu B, Hu W, Li WL, Fan XM, Tang C, Xu Q (2018) The long-term geologic hazards and consequent risk after the Wenchuan earthquake. In: Aversa S, Cascini L, Picarelli L, Scavia C (eds) Landslides and Engineered Slopes Experience. CRC Press, Theory and Practice, pp 233–258
Lan HX, Zhou CH, Wang LJ, Zhang HY, Li RH (2004) Landslide hazard spatial analysis and prediction using GIS in the Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan. China Eng Geol 76:109–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.009
Li CR, Wang M, Liu K (2018) A decadal evolution of landslides and debris flows after the Wenchuan earthquake. Geomorphology 323:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.09.010
Lin X, Dreger D, Ge H, Xu P, Wu M, Chiang A, Zhao G, Yuan H (2018) Spatial and temporal variations in the moment tensor solutions of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake aftershocks and their tectonic implications. Tectonics 37:989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004764
Liu B, Han S, Gong H, Zhou Z, Zhang D (2020) Disaster resilience assessment based on the spatial and temporal aggregation effects of earthquake-induced hazards. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:29055–29067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09281-3
Marc O, Hovius N, Meunier P, Uchida T, Hayashi S (2015) Transient changes of landslide rates after earthquakes. Geology 43:883–886. https://doi.org/10.1130/g36961.1
Pei RR, Ni ZQ, Meng ZB, Zhang BL, Geng YY (2017) Cause Analysis of the Secondary Mountain Disaster Chain in Wenchuan Earthquake. Am J Civ Eng 5:414–417. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170506.24
Saba SB, Meijde MV, Werff HV (2010) Spatiotemporal landslide detection for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region. Geomorphology 124:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.07.026
Shafique M (2020) Spatial and temporal evolution of co-seismic landslides after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Geomorphology 362:107228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107228
Shen P, Zhang LM, Fan RL, Zhu H, Zhang S (2020) Declining geohazard activity with vegetation recovery during first ten years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Geomorphology 352:106989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106989
Shortliffe EH, Buchanan BG (1975) A model of inexact reasoning in medicine. Math Biosci 23:351–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(75)90047-4
Shou KJ, Hong CY, Wu CC, Hsu HY, Fei LY, Lee JF, Wei CY (2011) Spatial and temporal analysis of landslides in Central Taiwan after 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Eng Geol 123:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.03.014
Tang C, Westen CJV, Tanyas H, Jetten VG (2016) Analysing post-earthquake landslide activity using multi-temporal land-slide inventories near the epicentral area of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 16:1–26. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2641-2016
Tang C, Zhu J, Chang M, Jun D, Qi X (2012) An empiricalestatistical model for predicting debris-flow runout zones in the Wenchuan earthquake area. Quat Int 250:63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.020
Tonini M, Pecoraro G, Romailler K, Calvello M (2020) Spatio-temporal cluster analysis of recent Italian landslides. Georisk Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2020.1861634
Xiong J, Tang C, Chen M, Gong L, Li N, Zhang X, Shi Q (2021) Long-term changes in the landslide sediment supply capacity for debris flow occurrence in Wenchuan County China. CATENA 203:10534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105340
Xiong J, Tang C, Chen M, Zhang XZ, Shi QY, Gong LF (2020) Activity characteristics and enlightenment of the debris flow triggered by the rainstorm on 20 August 2019 in Wenchuan County, China. Bull Eng Geol Env 80:873–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01981-x
Xu Q, Zhang S, Li WL, Asch TW (2012) The 13 August 2010 catastrophic debris flows after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Nat Hazard 12:201–216. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-201-2012
Yang W, Qi W, Wang M, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y (2017) Spatial and temporal analyses of post-seismic landslide changes near the epicentre of the Wenchuan earthquake. Geomorphology 276:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.010
Yunusa AP, Fan XM, Tang XL, Jie D, Xu Q, Huang RQ (2020) Decadal vegetation succession from MODIS reveals the spatio-temporal evolution of post-seismic landsliding after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Remote Sens Environ 236:111476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111476
Zhang S, Zhang L, Lacasse S, Nadim F (2016) Evolution of mass movements nearepicentre of Wenchuan earthquake, the first eight years. Sci Rep 6:36154. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36154
Zhang S, Zhang LM (2017) Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China on subsequent long-term debris flow activities in the epicentral area. Geomorphology 276:86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.009
Zhang Y, Ge T, Tian W, Liou YA (2019) Debris flow susceptibility mapping using machine-learning techniques in Shigatse area. China Remote Sens 11:2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232801
Zhao XY, Hu K, Burns SF, Hu H (2019) Classification and sudden departure mechanism of high-speed landslides caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Environ Earth Sci 78:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8083-9
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Deputy Professor Shu-jun Tian for his constructive comments, Mr. Cheng-zhuang Gu for his remote sensing image data, and Mr. Xiao-bing Ye for his technical support for data post-processing.
Funding
This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2018YFC1505401).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Huang, C., Huang, C. et al. Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of typical debris flow sources after an earthquake. Landslides 19, 2263–2275 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01883-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01883-x