Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Landslides triggered after the 16 August 2018 Mw 5.1 Molise earthquake (Italy) by a combination of intense rainfalls and seismic shaking

  • Recent Landslides
  • Published:
Landslides Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On 16 August 2018, a Mw 5.1 earthquake occurred in the Molise region (Central Italy) during an intense rainfall event which cumulated up to 140 mm in 3 days. Within 5 days after the seismic event, 88 landslides were surveyed and classified in disrupted and coherent as well as in first-time failures and reactivation. As it resulted by the inventorying, most of the surveyed ground effects were represented by coherent landslides involving clays, marly clays, and cover deposits on low dipping slopes. A spatial distribution analysis of landslides in relation to seismic action and rainfall intensity was carried out to evaluate the possible contribution of both the rainfall-induced saturation and the earthquake shaking to landslide triggering. Based on this analysis, in the epicentral area, it is not possible to clearly split the role of seismic and hydraulic destabilising actions, while, at greater distances, the joined contribution of rainfall and earthquake shaking could have promoted slope failures. Comparisons among collected data and existing worldwide catalogues allow to highlight, through the analysis of the spatial distribution of the surveyed landslides, the possible and not negligible effect of soil saturation during the seismic shaking both in epicentral distance vs. magnitude distribution and in number and spatial concentration of triggered ground effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alfaro P, Delgado J, García-Tortosa FJ, Lenti L, Lopez JA, Lopez-Casado C, Martino S (2012) Widespread landslides induced by the Mw 5.1 earthquake of 11 May 2011 in Lorca, SE Spain. Eng Geol 137-138:40–52

    Google Scholar 

  • APAT (2007). Report on landslides in Italy: the IFFI project. Methodology, results and regional reports. APAT Reports 78:681

  • Ascione A, Cinque A, Miccadei E, Villani F, Berti C (2008) The Plio-Quaternary uplift of the Apennine chain: new data from the analysis of topography and river valleys in Central Italy. Geomorphology 102:105–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Aucelli PPC, Cinque A, Rosskopf CM (2001) Geomorphological map of the Trigno basin (Italy): explanation notes. Geogr Fis Dinam Quat 24:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Aucelli PPC, Iannantuono E, Rosskopf CM (2009) Recent evolution and risk of erosion of the Molise coast (Southern Italy). Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 128:759–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla MG (1959) Geologic observation in the epicentral area of the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957. In: San Francisco Earthquake of March 1957: California Div. Mines and Geology Spec. Rept no 57, pp 25–37

  • Borgomeo E, Hebditch KV, Whittaker AC, Lonergan L (2014) Characterising the spatial distribution, frequency and geomorphic controls on landslide occurrence, Molise, Italy. Geomorphology 226:148–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozzano F, Cardarelli E, Cercato M, Lenti L, Martino S, Paciello A, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2008a) Engineering-geology model of the seismically-induced Cerda landslide (Sicily, Italy). Boll Geofis Teor Appl 49(2):205–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozzano F, Gambino P, Larosa I, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2001) Analisi preliminare degli effetti di superficie indotti dalla sequenza sismica umbro-marchigiana nei mesi di settembre-ottobre 1997. Mem Soc Geol Ital 56:283–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozzano F, Lenti L, Martino S, Paciello A, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2008b) Self-excitation process due to local seismic amplification responsible for the reactivation of the Salcito landslide (Italy) on 31 October 2002. J Geophys Res 113:B10312. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozzano F, Lenti L, Martino S, Paciello A, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2010) Evidences of landslide earthquake triggering due to self-excitation process. Int J Earth Sci 100:861–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0514-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calamita F, Satolli S, Scisciani V, Esestime P, Pace P (2011) Contrasting styles of fault reactivation in curved orogenic belts: examples from the Central Apennines (Italy). Geol Soc Am Bull 123(5):1097–1111

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprari P, Della Seta M, Martino S, Fantini A, Fiorucci M, Priore T (2018) Upgrade of the CEDIT database of earthquake-induced ground effects in Italy. Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment 2:23–39. https://doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2018-02.O-02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casnedi R (1978) Pliocene sedimentation and tectonics in the lower part of the Lower Valle del Fortore (Foggia). Mem Soc Geol Ital 19:605–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellano C, Del Mese S, Fodarella A, Graziani L, Maramai A, Tertulliani A, Verrubbi V (2018) QUEST- Rilievo macrosismico per i terremoti del Molise del 14 e 16 agosto 2018, rapporto interno INGV. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1405385

  • Chiarabba C, De Gori P, Chiaraluce L, Bordoni P, Cattaneo M, De Martin M, Frepoli A, Michelini A, Monachesi A, Moretti M, Augliera GP, D’Alema E, Frapiccini M, Gassi A, Marzorati S, Di Bartolomeo P, Gentile S, Govoni A, Lovisa L, Romanelli M, Ferretti G, Pasta M, Spallarossa D, Zunino E (2005) Mainshocks and aftershocks of the 2002 Molise seismic sequence, southern Italy. J Seismol 9(4):487–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciaranfi N, Guida M, Iaccarino G, Pescatore T, Pieri P, Rapidarsi L, Ricchetti G, Sgrosso I, Torre M, Tortorici L, Turco E, Scarpa R, Cuscito M, Guerra I, Iannaccone G, Panza GF, Scandone P (1983) Seismotectonic elements of the southern Apennines. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 102:201–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciaranfi N, Pieri P, Ricchetti G (1988) Notes to the geological map of the Murge and of the Salento (Central-Southern Puglia). Mem Soc Geol Ital 41:449–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinque A, Patacca E, Scandone P, Tozzi M (1993) Quaternary kinematic evolution of the Southern Apennines. Relationships between surface geological features and deep lithospheric structures. Annals of Geophysics 36:121–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrado S, Di Bucci D, Leschiutta I, Naso G, Trigari A (1997) The quaternary tectonics of the Isernia plain in the structural evolution of the Molise sector. Il Quaternario 10:609–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Crozier MJ (2005) Multiple-occurrence regional landslide events in New Zealand: hazard management issues. Landslides 2:247–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado J, García-Tortosa FJ, Garrido J, Loffredo A, López-Casado C, Martin-Rojas I, Rodríguez-Peces MJ (2015) Seismically-induced landslides by a low-magnitude earthquake: the Mw4.7 Ossa De Montiel event (central Spain). Eng Geo 196:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.07.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado J, Garrido J, López-Casado C, Martino S, Peláez JA (2011) On far field occurrence of seismically induced landslides. Eng Geol 123(3):04–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Gaudio V, Muscillo S, Wasowski J (2014) What we can learn about slope response to earthquakes from ambient noise analysis: an overview. Eng Geol 182:182–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Seta M, Martino S, Scarascia Mugnozza G (2013) Quaternary sea-level change and slope instability in coastal areas: insights from the Vasto landslide (Adriatic coast, central Italy). Geomorphology 201:462–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Bucci D, Corrado S, Naso G, Parotto M, Praturlon A (1999) Neogenic-quaternary tectonic evolution of the Molise area. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 118:13–30

    Google Scholar 

  • DISS Working group (2018) Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), version 3.2.1: a compilation of potential sources for earthquakes larger than M 5.5 in Italy and surrounding areas. (http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

  • Doglioni C, Mongelli F, Pieri P (1994) The Puglia uplift (SE Italy): an anomaly in the foreland of the Apenninic subduction due to buckling of a thick continental lithosphere. Tectonics 13:1309–1321

    Google Scholar 

  • Esposito E, Porfido S, Simonelli AL, Mastrolorenzo G, Iaccarino G (2000) Landslides and other surface effects induced by the 1997 Umbria–Marche seismic sequence. Eng Geol 58:353–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan X, Scaringi G, Korup O, West AJ, van Westen CJ, Tanyas H, Hovius N, Hales T, Jibson RW, Allstadt KE, Zhang L, Evans SG, Chong X, Li G, Pei X, Xu Q, Huang R (2019) Earthquake-induced chains of geologic hazards: patterns, mechanisms, and impacts. Rev Geophys 57(2):421–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Faris F, Wang F (2014) Stochastic analysis of rainfall effect on earthquake induced shallow landslide of Tandikat, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Geoenvironmental Disasters 1(1):12–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-014-0012-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorillo F (2003) Geological features and landslide mechanisms of an unstable coastal slope (Petacciato, Italy). Eng Geol 67:255–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorillo F, Simeone V (2004) Analysis of rainfall in landslide activation during January-February 2003 in central-south-eastern Italy. Balwois 2004 - Conference on Water Observation and Information System for Decision Support, Ohrid, Macedonia, 25–29 May 2004: 7 pp.

  • Fortunato C, Martino S, Prestininzi A, Romeo RW, Fantini A, Sarandrea P (2012) New release of the Italian catalogue of earthquake-induced ground failures (CEDIT). Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment 2:63–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler HJ, Kilsby CG (2003) A regional frequency analysis of United Kingdom extreme rainfall from 1961 to 2000. Int J Climatol 23:1313–1334. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gambini R, Tozzi M (1996) Tertiary geodynamic evolution of the southern Adria microplate. Terra Nova 8:593–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorum T, Carranza EJM (2015) Control of style-of-faulting on spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(10):3189–3212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0752-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorum T, Korup O, van Westen CJ, van der Meijde M, Xu C, van der Meer FD (2014) Why so few? Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali earthquake, Alaska. Quat Sci Rev 95:80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking JRM, Wallis JR, Wood EF (1985) Estimation of the generalized extreme value distribution by the method of probability weighted moments. Technometrics 27:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1985.10488049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguers M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA (2001) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK/New York, USA, 881 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovius N, Meunier P, Lin CW, Chen H, Chen YG, Dadson S, Ming-Jame H, Lines M (2011) Prolonged seismically induced erosion and the mass balance of a large earthquake. Earth Planet Sci Lett 304(3–4):347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hungr O, Leroueil S, Picarelli L (2014) The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides 11:167–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson JN (1988) General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. In: Bonnard C (ed) Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on landslides, vol 1. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 3–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkinson AF (1955) The frequency distribution of the annual maximum (or minimum) values of meteorological events. Q J Royal Meteorol Soc 87:158–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708134804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenks GF (1967) The data model concept in statistical mapping. International Yearbook of Cartography 7:186–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Jibson RW (1993) Predicting earthquake-induced landslide displacements using Newmark’s sliding block analysis. Transport Res Rec 1411:9–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Jibson RW (1996) Use of landslides for paleoseismic analysis. Eng Geol 43(4):291–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Jibson RW (2007) Regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement. Eng Geo 91(2–4):209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.01.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jibson RW, Harp EL (2012) Extraordinary distance limits of landslides triggered by the 2011 mineral, Virginia, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 102(6):2368–2377. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keefer DK (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geol Soc Am Bull 95(4):406. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<406:LCBE>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keefer DK (2002) Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - a historical review. Surv Geophys 23(6):473–510. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021274710840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamud BD, Turcotte DL, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P (2004) Landslides, earthquakes, and erosion. Earth Planet Sci Lett 229(1–2):45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marc O, Hovius N, Meunier P, Uchida T, Hayashi S (2015) Transient changes of landslide rates after earthquakes. Geology 43(10):883–886. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36961.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martino S, Prestininzi A, Romeo RW (2014) Earthquake-induced ground failures in Italy from a reviewed database. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 14:799–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino S, Lenti L, Delgado J, Garrido J, Lopez-Casado C (2016) Application of a characteristic periods-based (CPB) approach to estimate earthquake-induced displacements of landslides through dynamic numerical modelling. Geophys J Int 206:82–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino S, Bozzano F, Caporossi P, D’Angiò D, Della Seta M, Esposito C, Fantini A, Fiorucci M, Giannini LM, Iannucci R, Marmoni GM, Mazzanti P, Missori C, Moretto S, Rivellino S, Romeo RW, Sarandrea P, Schilirò L, Troiani F, Varone C (2017) Ground effects triggered by the August 24th 2016, Mw 60 Amatrice (Italy) earthquake: survey and inventorying to update the CEDIT catalogue. Geogr Fis Dinam Quat 40:77–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino S, Bozzano F, Caporossi P, D’Angiò D, Della Seta M, Esposito C, Fantini A, Fiorucci M, Giannini LM, Iannucci R, Marmoni GM, Mazzanti P, Missori C, Moretto S, Piacentini D, Rivellino S, Romeo RW, Sarandrea P, Schilirò L, Troiani F, Varone C (2019) Impact of landslides on transportation routes during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. Landslides 16(6):1221–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01162-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meletti C, Montaldo V (2007) Stime di pericolosità sismica per diverse probabilità di superamento in 50 anni: valori di ag. Progetto DPC-INGV S1, Deliverable D2, http://esse1.mi.ingv.it/d2.html

  • Meunier P, Hovius N, Haines AJ (2007) Regional patterns of earthquake-triggered landslides and their relation to ground motion. Geophys Res Lett 34:L20408. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miccadei E, Mascioli F, Ricci F, Piacentini T (2019) Geomorphology of soft clastic rock coasts in the mid-western Adriatic Sea (Abruzzo, Italy). Geomorphology 324:72–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Michetti AM, Esposito E, Guerrieri L, Porfido S, Serva L, Tatevossian R, Vittori E, Audemard F, Azuma T, Clague J, Comerci V, Gürpinar A, Mc Calpin J, Mohammadioun B, Mörner NA, Ota Y, Roghozin E (2007) Environmental Seismic Intensity scale - ESI 2007 La scala di Intensità Sismica basata sugli effetti ambientali - ESI 2007. Memorie descrittive della carta geologica D’Italia. LXXIV, APAT

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowicki MA, Wald DJ, Hamburger MW, Hearne M, Thompson EM (2014) Development of a globally applicable model for near real-time prediction of seismically induced landslides. Eng Geol 173:54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.02.002

  • Parotto M, Praturlon A (2004) The southern Apennine arc. In: Geology of Italy. Special Volue of the Italian Geological Society for the IGC 32, Florence, 53–58

  • Patacca E, Scandone P, Bellatalla M, Perilli N, Santini U (1992) The junction area between the northern Apennine arch and the southern Apennine arc in Abruzzo and Molise. Studi Geol Camerti 1991(92):417–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Patacca E, Scandone P (2007) Geology of the Southern Apennines. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 7:75–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisano L, Zumpano V, Dragone V, Parise M (2017) Bulit-up area exposure to landslides and related social impacts in Molise (Italy). 4th World Landslide Forum, Ljubljana, Slovenia

  • Pondrelli S, Salimbeni S, Ekstrom G, Morelli A, Gasperini P, Vannucci G (2006) The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present. Phys Earth Planet 159(3–4):286–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapisardi L (1978) Neotectonic features on the Molise-Abruzzo border. Applied Geology and Hydrogeology 13:223–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricchetti G, Ciaranfi N, Luperto Sinni E, Mongelli F, Pieri P (1988) Geodynamics and sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Apulian foreland. Mem Soc Geol Ital 41:57–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez CE, Bommer JJ, Chandler RJ (1999) Earthquake-induced landslides: 1980–1997. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 18:325–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosskopf CM, Scorpio V (2013) Geomorphologic map of the Biferno River valley floor system (Molise, southern Italy). Journal of Maps 9(1):106–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2012.755385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rovida A, Locati M, Camassi R, Lolli B, Gasperini P (2016) CPTI15, the 2015 version of the parametric catalogue of Italian earthquakes. Milano, Bologna). https://doi.org/10.6092/INGV.IT-CPTI15. http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI

  • Sassa K, Fukuoka H, Wang F, Wang G (2007) Landslides induced by a combined effect of earthquake and rainfall. In: Progress in landslide science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 193–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Scrocca D, Tozzi M (1999) Mio-Pliocene Tectogenesis of the Molise Apennines. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 118:255–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano SE (2010) Hydrology for engineers, geologists, and environmental professionals: an integrated treatment of surface, subsurface, and contaminant hydrology, Second edn. Hydroscience Inc., USA, 590 pp

  • Spalluto L, Moretti M (2006) Evidence of neotectonic (Middle Pliocene - Upper Pleistocene) in the western sector of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy). Il Quaternario 19:143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Suwa H (2006) Catastrophe caused by the 17 February 2006 Southern Leyte landslide in Philippine. Natural Disaster Science 25(1):83–97 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanyas H, van Westen CJ, Allstadt KE, Anna Nowicki Jessee M, Görüm T, Jibson RW, Godt JW, Sato HP, Schmitt RG, Marc O, Hovius N (2017) Presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake-induced landslide inventories: earthquake-induced landslide inventories. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 122:1991–2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trionfera B (2018) Analisi della sismicità del Molise nel periodo 2013–2018 e considerazioni geodinamiche (in Italian). Master Thesis. Advisor Prof. Carlo Doglioni

  • Valagussa A, Marc O, Frattini P, Crosta GB (2019) Seismic and geological controls on earthquake-induced landslide size. Earth Planet Sci Lett 506:268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vezzani L, Festa A, Ghisetti F (2010) Geology and tectonic evolution of the Central-Southern Apennines, Italy. Geological Society of America Special Paper 469. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE469

  • Vezzani L, Ghisetti F, Festa A (2004) Geological map of Molise (scale 1: 100000). S.E.L.CA

  • Wang HB, Sassa K, Xu WY (2007) Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2004 Chuetsu earthquakes of Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Nat Hazards 41(1):43–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9009-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge P.F. De Pari and the company Geoservizi S.r.l. for the logistic support provided during the field activities. The scientific responsible also thanks the Regione Molise Civil Protection Agency and A. Cardillo and S. Di Pilla for providing the rainfall data.

Funding

The Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI) of the University of Rome “Sapienza” funded the field surveys and activities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences and Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI), University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

    S. Martino, B. Antonielli, F. Bozzano, P. Caprari, C. Esposito, M. Fiorucci, R. Iannucci, G.M. Marmoni & L. Schilirò

  2. Geoservizi S.r.l. - Engineering Integrated Systems, Ripalimosani, Campobasso, Italy

    M. E. Discenza

Authors
  1. S. Martino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Antonielli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Bozzano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Caprari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. E. Discenza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. C. Esposito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. Fiorucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Iannucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. G.M. Marmoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. L. Schilirò
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

In the present study, S. Martino was the scientific responsible of the research group. F. Bozzano and C. Esposito coordinated specific research activities and contributed to pre-processing. B. Antonielli, P. Caprari, M.E. Discenza, M. Fiorucci, and R. Iannucci performed field surveys and data acquisition. L. Schilirò completed the statistical analysis of historical rainfall data and analysed the rainfall event. M. Fiorucci and G.M. Marmoni performed the geospatial and statistical analyses and contributed to the geo-database management and post-processing. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and to the manuscript writing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Martino.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martino, S., Antonielli, B., Bozzano, F. et al. Landslides triggered after the 16 August 2018 Mw 5.1 Molise earthquake (Italy) by a combination of intense rainfalls and seismic shaking. Landslides 17, 1177–1190 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01359-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01359-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation