Abstract
In order to study the dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuities under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown, a large-scale shaking table test was performed on a rock slope with discontinuous joints. Wenchuan earthquake (WE) seismic records were performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical acceleration response and displacement response. In particular, three-dimensional optical measurement techniques was used to obtain the slope surface displacements. A comparison was made on the seismic response according to the analysis of PGD (peak ground displacement) and M PGA (acceleration amplification coefficient) of the modeled slope. The results show that the experimental slope mainly underwent settlement and horizontal deformation when the WE records were applied in the z and x directions, respectively. The slope was first shaken by the P wave, which caused the differential settlement to occur at the surface slope; then, the slope was shaken more severely by the S wave, which led to a greater horizontal deformation. Moreover, analysis of the ΔPGD (increment of PGD) and ΔM PGA (increment of M PGA) under rapid drawdown suggests that the rapid water drawdown mainly impacts the deformation of the surface slope, particularly between the high and low water levels. The water infiltration through the cracks softened the material of the surface slope, and the rapid drawdown also enhanced the slope deformation. In addition, the damage evolution process of the slope can be identified, mainly including three stages: an elastic stage (< 0.168 g), a plastic stage (0.168–0.336 g), and a failure stage (> 0.336 g).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berilgen MM (2007) Investigation of stability of slopes under water drawdown conditions. Comput Geotech 34(2):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.10.004
Che A, Yang H, Wang B, Ge X (2016) Wave propagations through jointed rock masses and their effects on the stability of slopes. Eng Geol 201:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.018
Chen Z, Hu X, Xu Q (2016) Experimental study of motion characteristics of rock slopes with weak intercalation under seismic excitation. J Mt Sci 13(3):546–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3212-0
Dai F, Xu C, Yao X, Xu L, Tu X, Gong Q (2011) Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. J Asian Earth Sci 40(4):883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.010
Dong H, Gratchev I, Balasubramaniam A (2015) Back analysis of a natural jointed rock slope based on the photogrammetry method. Landslides 12(1):147–154
Fan G, Zhang J, Wu J et al (2016) Dynamic response and dynamic failure mode of a weak intercalated rock slope using a shaking table. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(8):1–14
Fu X, Sheng Q, Zhang Y, Chen J, Leng X (2016) Extension of the discontinuous deformation analysis method to simulate seismic response of a large rock cavern complex. Int J Geomech 17(5):E4016008
Gao Y, Zhu D, Lei G et al (2014) Stability analysis of three-dimensional slopes under water drawdown conditions. Can Geotech J 51(6):1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0448
Gao Y, Yin Y, Li B et al (2017) Characteristics and numerical runout modeling of the heavy rainfall-induced catastrophic landslide–debris flow at Sanxicun, Dujiangyan, China, following the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake. Landslides 14(4):1–14
Garevski M, Zugic Z, Sesov V (2013) Advanced seismic slope stability analysis. Landslides 10(6):729–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0360-6
Hong Y, Chen R, Wu C et al 2005. Shaking table tests and stability analysis of steep nailed slopes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42(5):1264–1279
Huang R, Li W (2009) Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 68(3):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0207-0
Huang R, Zhao J, Ju N, Li G, Lee ML, Li Y (2013) Analysis of an anti-dip landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Nat Hazards 68(2):1021–1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0671-5
Huang Z, Jiang Z, Zhu S, Wu X, Yang L, Guan Y (2016) Influence of structure and water pressure on the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass around underground excavations. Eng Geol 202:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.003
Jiang T, Liu Y, Ma J (2013) Time history response analysis of jointed rock slope under seismic loads. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 32:3938–3944
Jiang M, Jiang T, Crosta GB, Shi Z, Chen H, Zhang N (2015) Modeling failure of jointed rock slope with two main joint sets using a novel DEM bond contact model. Eng Geol 193:79–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.013
Lin ML, Wang KL (2006) Seismic slope behavior in a large-scale shaking table model test. Eng Geol 86(2):118–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.011
Lin Y, Leng W, Yang G et al (2015) Seismic response of embankment slopes with different reinforcing measures in shaking table tests. Nat Hazards 76(2):791–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1517-5
Liu H, Xu Q, Li Y (2014a) Effect of lithology and structure on seismic response of steep slope in a shaking table test. J Mt Sci 11(2):371–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2790-6
Liu Y, Li H, Xiao K, Li J, Xia X, Liu B (2014b) Seismic stability analysis of a layered rock slope. Comput Geotech 55(1):474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.10.002
Lu L, Wang ZJ, Song ML, Arai K (2015) Stability analysis of slopes with ground water during earthquakes. Eng Geol 193:288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.05.001
Maihemuti B, Wang E, Hudan T et al (2016) Numerical simulation analysis of reservoir bank fractured rock-slope deformation and failure processes. Int J Geomech 16(2):04015053
Massey C, Pasqua FD, Holden C et al (2017) Rock slope response to strong earthquake shaking. Landslides 14(1):249–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0684-8
Moregenstern N (2015) Stability charts for earth slopes during rapid drawdown. Géotechnique 13(2):121–131
Shinoda M (2015) Seismic stability and displacement analyses of earth slopes using non-circular slip surface. Soils Found 55(2):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.02.001
Song Y, Huang D, Cen D (2016) Numerical modeling of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake-triggered Daguangbao landslide using a velocity and displacement dependent friction law. Eng Geol 215:50–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.11.003
Toki K, Miura F, Oguni Y (2010) Dynamic slope stability analyses with a non-linear finite element method. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 13(2):151–171
Wang F, Cheng Q, Highland L, Miyajima M, Wang H, Yan C (2009) Preliminary investigation of some large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, China. Landslides 6(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0141-z
Wang F, Wang Y, Sun G et al (2011) Study on slope response under seismic loading: taking the Dongshanshiziliang profile in Qingchuan, Sichuan as an example. Geoscience 25(1):142–150
Xia M, Ren G, Ma X (2013) Deformation and mechanism of landslide influenced by the effects of reservoir water and rainfall, Three Gorges, China. Nat Hazards 68(2):467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0634-x
Xu B, Yan C (2014) An experimental study of the mechanical behavior of a weak intercalated layer. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(2):791–798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0420-9
Yang G, Wu F, Dong J et al (2012) Study of dynamic response characters and failure mechanism of rock slope under earthquake. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(4):696–702
Zhang S, Zhang L, Glade T (2014) Characteristics of earthquake- and rain-induced landslides near the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake. Eng Geol 175(11):58–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.012
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11372180). The authors would like to express their gratitude to Zhijian Wu of Key Laboratory of Loess Earthquake Engineering, CEA, Gansu Province, for their helpful advice.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Song, D., Che, A., Zhu, R. et al. Dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuous joints under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown. Landslides 15, 1109–1125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0932-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0932-6