Abstract
Several agricultural systems are vulnerable to the harmful effects of climate change in today’s increasingly vulnerable world. Drought and salinity are two major factors in climate change that can severely slow down the development of many crops. This study determined the influence of induced drought and salinity on growth of two varieties of Brassica napus L. (Shiralee and Vanguard), after priming with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and tocopherol. Seed priming significantly promoted seed germination and reduced the normal germination time of seeds under both induced stressors. Significant increase in shoot length, shoot and root fresh weight, dry shoot weight of seedling was found for all the primed seeds as compared to non-primed seeds of both cultivars. Results showed that absolute growth rate of both varieties were remarkably influenced by the imposed drought as compared to salinity treatments. Relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, seed germination index, Timson germination index were negatively affected by 150 mM NaCl concentration for the vanguard cultivar. According to results of scanning electron microscope (SEM), osmoprimed seeds increased stomatal physiology and epidermal vigor of both cultivars significantly by boosting the water potential. Response of both B. napus cultivars was found different under induced drought and salinity treatments. It has been concluded from the results that, seed priming with growth regulators such as tocopherol, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid is considered as useful technique for enhancing the germination and growth responses of B. napus under drought and salinity stresses.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10343-022-00808-x/MediaObjects/10343_2022_808_Fig10_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasdokht H, Edalatpisheh MR (2012) The effect of priming and salinity on physiological and chemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Desert 17(2):183–192
Abdolahpour M, Lotfi R (2014) Seed priming affected physiology and grain yield of chickpea under salt stress. J Biodivers Environ Sci 5(1):442–446
Ahmad I, Ullah S, Nafees M (2020) Effect of osmopriming and thermopriming on amelioration of mercuric chloride stress tolerance in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiol Reports 25(3):516–528
Al-Abdoulhadi IA, Dinar HA, Ebert G, Buttner C (2011) Effect of salinity on leaf growth, leaf injury and biomass production in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Indian J Sci Technol 4(11):1542–1546
Al-Ansari F, Ksiksi T (2016) A quantitative assessment of germination parameters: the case of Crotalaria persica and Tephrosia apollinea. Open Ecol J 9(1):13–21
Al-Mudaris MA (1998) Notes on various parameters recording the speed of seed germination. Tropenlandwirt-journal Agric Trop Subtrop 99(2):147–154
Alam M, Hayat K, Ullah I, Sajid M, Ahmad M, Basit A et al (2020) Improving okra (abelmoschus esculentus l.) growth and yield by mitigating drought through exogenous application of salicylic acid. Fres Environ Bulle 29(01):529–535
Ashraf M, McNeilly T (2004) Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 23(2):157–174
Barampuram S, Allen G, Krasnyanski S (2014) Effect of various sterilization procedures on the in vitro germination of cotton seeds. PCTOC 118(1):179–185
Berhane GG, Chala AQ (2017) Plant physiological stimulation by seeds salt priming in maize (Zea mays): Prospect for salt tolerance. Afr J Biotechnol 16(5):209–223
Biederman LA, Harpole WS (2013) Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 5(2):202–214
Bina F, Bostani A (2017) Effect of Salinity (NaCl) stress on germination and early seedling growth of three medicinal plant species. Adv Life Sci 4(3):77–83
Chuyong GB, Acidri T (2017) Light and moisture levels affect growth and physiological parameters differently in Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. seedlings. Acta Physiol Plantarum 39(5):1–6
Daszkowska-Golec A, Szarejko I (2013) Open or close the gate-stomata action under the control of phytohormones in drought stress conditions. Front Plant Sci 4:138
El-Saidy AE, Farouk S, Abd El-Ghany HM (2011) Evaluation of different seed priming on seedling growth, yield and quality components in two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. Trends Appl Sci Res 6(9):977
Ensikat HJ, Ditsche-Kuru P, Barthlott W, Méndez-Vilas A (2010) Scanning electron microscopy of plant surfaces: simple but sophisticated methods for preparation and examination. Microsc Sci Technol Appl Educ 1(13):248–255
Ghule PL, Dahiphale VV, Jadhav JD, Palve DK (2013) Absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate as influenced on dry matter weight of Bt cotton. Int Res J Agric Econ Stat 4(1):42–46
Gupta S, Pandey S (2020) Enhanced salinity tolerance in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants using twin ACC deaminase producing rhizobacterial inoculation. Rhizosphere 16:100241
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Anee TI, Khan MIR, Fujita M (2018) Silicon-mediated regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems confers drought stress tolerance in Brassica napus L. South African J Bot 115:50–57
Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Panneerselvam R (2007) Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol Plantarum 29(3):205–209
Jin J, Niu J, Guo T, Zhou R, Sun LZ (2020) The effect of drought on physiological responses of forage plants to salt stresses depends on occurring time. Acta Physiol Plantarum 42(6):1–10
Khan MI, Poor P, Janda T (2022) Salicylic acid: a versatile signaling molecule in plants. J Plant Growth Regul 41(5):1887–1890
Kosova K, Vitamvas P, Prasil IT, Renaut J (2011) Plant proteome changes under abiotic stress-contribution of proteomics studies to understanding plant stress response. J Proteomics 74(8):1301–1322
McLean EO (1983) Soil pH and lime requirement. Methods Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chem Microbiol Prop 9:199–224
Mouradi M, Bouizgaren A, Farissi M, Makoudi B, Kabbadj A, Very AA et al (2016) Osmopriming improves seeds germination, growth, antioxidant responses and membrane stability during early stage of Moroccan alfalfa populations under water deficit. Chil J Agric Res 76(3):265–272
Nafees M, Ullah S, Ahmed I (2021) Morphological and elemental evaluation of biochar through analytical techniques and its combined effect along with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on Vicia faba L. under induced drought stress. Microsc Res Tech 84(12):2947–2959
Nafees M, Ullah S, Ahmed I (2022) Modulation of drought adversities in Vicia faba by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar. Microsc Res Tech 85(5):1856–1869
Nascimento WM, Huber DJ, Cantliffe DJ (2013) Carrot seed germination and ethylene production at high temperature in response to seed osmopriming. Hortic Brasileira 31:554–558
Nasri N, Kaddour R, Mahmoudi H, Baatour O, Bouraoui N, Lachaal M (2011) The effect of osmopriming on germination, seedling growth and phosphatase activities of lettuce under saline condition. Afr J Biotechnol 10(65):14366–14372
Nouman W, Siddiqui MT, Basra S, Ahmed M, Afzal I, Rehman HU (2012) Enhancement of emergence potential and stand establishment of Moringa oleifera Lam. by seed priming. Turk J Agric For 36(2):227–235
Payam M, Ahmad E, Hossein AF (2010) Physiological growth indices in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars as affected by drought stress at Iran. J Cereals Oilseeds 1(1):11–16
Poorter H, Remkes C (1990) Leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Oecologia 83(4):553–559
Qureshi RH, Aslam M, Akhtar J (2003) Productivity enhancement in the salt-affected lands of Joint Satiana Pilot Project area of Pakistan. J Crop Prod 7(1–2):277–297
Ramzan A, Hafiz IA, Ahmad T, Abbasi NA (2010) Effect of priming with potassium nitrate and dehusking on seed germination of gladiolus (Gladiolus alatus). PAKJBOT 42(1):247–258
Raza MAS, Shahid AM, Saleem MF, Khan IH, Ahmad S, Ali M, Iqbal R (2017) Effects and management strategies to mitigate drought stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Zemdirbyste 104:85–94
Raza SH, Shafiq F, Chaudhary M, Khan I (2013) Seed invigoration with water, ascorbic and salicylic acid stimulates development and biochemical characters of okra (Ablemoschus esculentus) under normal and saline conditions. IJAB 15(3):486–492
Sabagh AE, Hossain A, Barutçular C, Islam MS, Ratnasekera D, Kumar N et al (2019) Drought and salinity stress management for higher and sustainable canola (‘Brassica napus’ L.) production: A critical review. Aust J Crop Sci 13(1):88–96
Sadeghi H, Khazaei F, Yari L, Sheidaei S (2011) Effect of seed osmopriming on seed germination behavior and vigor of soybean (Glycine max L.). ARPN J Agricult Biolog Sci 6(1):39–43
Sardoei AS, Mohammadi GA (2014) Study of salinity effect on germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) genotypes. Eur J Exp Biol 4(1):283–287
Semida WM, Rady MM (2014) Pre-soaking in 24-epibrassinolide or salicylic acid improves seed germination, seedling growth, and anti-oxidant capacity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown under NaCl stress. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 89(3):338–344
Shah AN, Yang G, Tanveer M, Iqbal J (2017) Leaf gas exchange, source-sink relationship, and growth response of cotton to the interactive effects of nitrogen rate and planting density. Acta Physiol Plantarum 39(5):1–10
Uddin S, Ullah S, Nafees M (2021) Effect of seed priming on growth and performance of Vigna radiata L. under induced drought stress. J Agric Food Res 4:100140
Ullah S, Zada J, Ali S (2016) Effect of nephthyl acetic acid foliar spray on amelioration of drought stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). LCSS 47(12):1542–1558
Umar S, Diva I, Anjum NA, Iqbal M, Ahmad I, Pereira E (2011) Potassium-induced alleviation of salinity stress in Brassica campestris L. Cent Eur J Biol 6(6):1054–1063
Vijayakumari K, Jisha KC, Puthur JT (2016) GABA/BABA priming: a means for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance potential of plants with less energy investments on defence cache. Acta Physio Plant 38(9):230
Yasmeen A, Basra SMA, Wahid A, Nouman W, Rehman HU (2013) Exploring the potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) as a seed priming agent in improving wheat performance. Turkish J Bot 37(3):512–520
Zamani A, Taherzadeh M (2010) Production of low molecular weight chitosan by hot dilute sulfuric acid. Bio Resour 5(3):1554–1564
Zhang X, Lu G, Long W, Zou X, Li F, Nishio T (2014) Recent progress in drought and salt tolerance studies in Brassica crops. Breed Sci 64(1):60–73
Funding
The present research work has not been funded by any agency/department.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
N. Raees, S. Ullah and M. Nafees declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Raees, N., Ullah, S. & Nafees, M. Interactive Effect of Tocopherol, Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on Agronomic Characters of Two Genotypes of Brassica napus L. Under Induced Drought and Salinity Stresses. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 1905–1923 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00808-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00808-x