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A tree species range in the face of climate change: cork oak as a study case for the Mediterranean biome

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Abstract

Species distribution models are feasible methods for projecting theoretical responses of living organisms’ occurrence under several future climate change scenarios. The major interest is focused on trees, which regulate the equilibrium within ecosystems and guarantee the survival of many life forms on the Earth. The repercussions of climatic drivers are expected to pose the strongest threats for the Mediterranean biome, an acknowledged hotspot of biodiversity. Here, we focused on cork oak (Quercus suber L.), a keystone species of many landscapes, sustaining a rich biodiversity, ecological processes and economic incomes. Results of 8 combined ecological modelling techniques and two Global Circulation Models highlight a broad contraction of the species potential range over the twenty-first century, both under intermediate and high emissions scenarios. Coupled northward and upward shifts are predicted, mostly pertaining Iberia and North Africa. The potential areas detected at Levantine will likely undergo disappearance. To exacerbate the impacts of climate change, the future of the ecosystems linked to cork oak remains uncertain, because of the expected implications on the phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary responses. A synergy among niche-based, physiological and eco-genetic investigations is strongly needed in the field of applied research, to improve the assessment of conservation and reforestation actions.

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Acknowledgements

We are in debt with the following Institutions for the useful assistance and availability, both capital for the realization of this study: Institut National de l’Information géographique et forestiére (France), Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (Spain), Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali (Italy), Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Divisão de Apoio à Produção Florestal e Valorização de Recursos Silvestres (special thanks to Dr. Cristina Maria Pereira Santos, Dr. Luis Manuel Moreira Silva Reis, Prof. Maria Carolina Varela) (Portugal), Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification (Morocco), Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (Tunisia). We also thank to Prof. Fazia Krouchi (University Mouloud Mammeri of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria) and Dr. Michele Bozzano (Bioversity International, Italy) for additional data about the cork oak occurrence in North Africa. The authors are grateful to the Council of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment of the Andalusian Government for supporting this research in the framework of the Project “Modelo espacial de distribución de las quercíneas y otras formaciones forestales de Andalucía: una herramienta para la gestión y la conservación del patrimonio natural” (Code P10-RNM-6013). This is a contribution from the CEIMAR Journal Series. This work was partially funded by Zephyr Project, through the 7th Framework Programme (Grant agreement 308313).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture and Forestry (D.A.F.N.E.), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy

    Federico Vessella, Marco Cosimo Simeone & Bartolomeo Schirone

  2. Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, Avda. Tres de Marzo s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain

    Javier López-Tirado & Pablo J. Hidalgo

Authors
  1. Federico Vessella
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  2. Javier López-Tirado
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  3. Marco Cosimo Simeone
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  4. Bartolomeo Schirone
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  5. Pablo J. Hidalgo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Javier López-Tirado.

Additional information

Communicated by Arne Nothdurft.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Online Resource 1

Main settings used in openModeller 1.5 and SPSS Statistics 20 to run the 8 algorithms in this study (DOC 59 kb)

Online Resource 2

Present time and forecasting projections in the twenty-first century resulted from each algorithm. Maps are organized following Fig. 2 criteria, including the colour gradient of the probability of occurrence (DOCX 9208 kb)

Online Resource 3

Maps of variation in percentage among the 8 algorithms in the forecasting projections used in this study (CCSM4 and MIROC5 centred on 2050 and 2070) (TIFF 22861 kb)

Online Resource 4

Extreme values (minimum–maximum) of climate and pedologic variables for Q. suber over the threshold (0.5) for each studied scenario in the present and the future (DOCX 27 kb)

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Vessella, F., López-Tirado, J., Simeone, M.C. et al. A tree species range in the face of climate change: cork oak as a study case for the Mediterranean biome. Eur J Forest Res 136, 555–569 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1055-2

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