Abstract
Combined cavitation and oxidation allow efficient and cheap removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) following the generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we review the removal of PAHs by sonochemistry, biodegradation, photodegradation, Fenton oxidation, ozone oxidation, and photochemical oxidation. We discuss factors controlling cavitation under sonochemical irradiation in various reactors such as ultrasonic horn, ultrasonic bath and longitudinal horn. The longitudinal horn-type sonochemical reactor has wide operating capacity of 9.5 L with higher power dissipation of 9.5 W and energy efficiency of 59.2%. Degradation is highly dependent on gas sources such as CO2, Ar, O2, H2, and He. Phenanthrene degradation efficiency increases from 30 to 70% with decreasing phenanthrene concentration from 4 to 1 mg/L at constant ultrasound frequency 20 kHz at 25 °C. Reduction of phenanthrene in sediments ranges from 12.9 to 48.3%. Combined ultrasonic and photo-Fenton oxidation treatments of PAHs are more efficient than solely ultrasonic.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
adapted from science direct on 22/10/2019 5:30 pm
adapted from science direct on 17/10/2019 at 12 pm)
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AOPs:
-
Advanced oxidation processes
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- USEPA:
-
US Environmental Protection Agency
- EEA:
-
European Environment Agency
- EU:
-
European Union
- HC:
-
Hydrodynamic cavitation
- DO:
-
Dissolved oxygen
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25:107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011
Abdollahi Y, Abdullah AH, Gaya UI, Ahmadzadeh S, Zakaria A, Shameli K, Zainal Z, Jahangirian H, Yusof NA (2012) Photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-benzoqui- none in aqueous ZnO dispersions. J Braz Chem Soc 23:36–240
Adewuyi YG (2001) Sonochemistry: environmental science and engineering applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:4681715
Agency for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, U.S. department of health & human services, public health service, agency for toxic substances and disease registry, Washington, D.C, August 1985
Agustina TE, Ang HM, Vareek VK (2005) A review of synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation on wastewater treatment. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 6:264–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.12.003
Akyüz M, Çabuk H (2010) Gas-particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey. Sci Total Environ 408:5550–5558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.063
Alcántara MT, Gómez J, Pazos M, Sanromán MA (2008) Combined treatment of PAHs contaminated soils using the sequence extraction with surfactant-electrochemical degradation. Chemosphere 70:1438–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.070
Andreozzi R, Caprio V, Insola A, Marotta R (1999) Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catal Today 53:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9
Anipsitakis GP, Dionysiou DD (2004) Transition metal/UV-based advanced oxidation technologies for water decontamination. Appl Catal B Environ 54:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.05.025
Armstrong B, Hutchinson E, Unwin J, Fletcher T (2004) Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 112:970–978. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6895
Asgharzadehahmadi S, Abdul Raman AA, Parthasarathy R, Sajjadi B (2016) Sonochemical reactors: review on features, advantages and limitations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 63:302–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.030
Ashokkumar M (2011) The characterization of acoustic cavitation bubbles–an overview. Ultrason Sonochem 18:864–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.11.016
Ates H, Argun ME (2018) Removal of PAHs from leachate using a combination of chemical precipitation and Fenton and ozone oxidation. Water Sci Technol 78:1064–1070. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.378
Bader H, Hoigné J (1983) Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water-II. Dissociating Org Compd Water Res 17:185–194
Bamforth SM, Singleton I (2005) Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: current knowledge and future directions. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80:723–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1276
Banat F, Al-Asheh S, Al-Rawashteh M, Nusair M (2005) Photodegradation of methylene blue dye bye the UV/H2O2 and UV/acetone oxidation processes. Desalination 181:225–232
Bandowe BAM, Meusel H (2017) Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment–a review. Sci Total Environ 581–582:237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115
Barik AJ, Gogate PR (2016) Degradation of 4-chloro 2-aminophenol using a novel combined process based on hydrodynamic cavitation, UV photolysis and ozone. Ultrason Sonochem 30:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.11.007
Barik AJ, Gogate PR (2018) Hybrid treatment strategies for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation based on combination of hydrodynamic cavitation and AOPs. Ultrason Sonochem 40:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.029
Barra R, Quiroz R, Saez K, Araneda A, Urrutia R, Popp P (2009) Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Biobio River in south central Chile. Environ Chem Lett 7:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0148-z
Beltrán FJ, Ovejero G, Rivas J (1996) Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. 4. Ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 35:891–898. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9503757
Bendouz M, Tran LH, Coudert L et al (2017) Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different synthetic solutions by Fenton’s oxidation. Environ Technol (United Kingdom) 38:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1188161
Benitez FJ, Acero JL, Gonzalez T, Garcia J (2002) The use of ozone, ozone plus UV radiation, and aerobic microorganisms in the purification of some agro-industrial wastewaters. J Environ Sci Heal Part A Toxic/Hazardous Subst Environ Eng 37:1307–1325. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120005988
Bhatkhande DS, Pangarkar VG, Beenackers AACM (2002) Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications–a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77:102–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.532
Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P (1997) Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control 8:444–472. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018465507029
Bokare AD, Choi W (2014) Review of iron-free Fenton-like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Borji H, Ayoub GM, Al-Hindi M, Malaeb L, Hamdan HZ (2020) Nanotechnology to remove polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:729–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00979-x
Bradley M, Grieser F (2002) Emulsion polymerization synthesis of cationic polymer latex in an ultrasonic field. J Colloid Interface Sci 251:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2002.8383
Bryselbout C, Henner P, Carsignol J, Lichtfouse E (2000) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in highway plants and soils. Evidence for a local distillation effect. Analusis EDP Sci 28(4):290–293
Catalkaya EC, Kargi F (2007) Color, TOC and AOX removals from pulp mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes: a comparative study. J Hazard Mater 139:244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.023
Chen Y, Yang S, Wang K, Lou L (2005) Role of primary active species and TiO2 surface characteristic in UV-illuminated photodegradation of acid orange 7. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 172:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.11.006
Chen W, Cong L, Hu HL, Zhang P, Li J, Feng ZZ, Kan AT, Tomson MB (2008) Release of adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under cosolvent treatment: implications for availability and fate. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:112–118
Chen B, Zhang B, Jing L, Liu B, Zheng JS, Ma YC (2014) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from offshore produced water using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) published proceeding of 11th IWA Leading edge conference on water and wastewater technologies, 26–30th May 2014, UAE
Chen LC, Xie LZ, Wang MZ, Ge XW (2015) Preparation of three-dimensional inverse opal SnO2/graphene composite microspheres and their enhanced photocatalytic activities. J Mater Chem A 3:2991
Chen XF, Dai JF, Shi GF, Li L, Wang GY, Yang H (2016) Sonocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B catalyzed by β-Bi2O3 particles under ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason Sonochem 29:172
Chowdhury P, Viraraghavan T (2009) Sonochemical degradation of chlorinated organic compounds, phenolic compounds and organic dyes–a review. Sci Total Environ 407:2474–2492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.031
Cornelissen G, Gustafsson O, Bucgeli TD, Jonker MTO, Koelmans AA, Van Noort PCM (2005) Extensive sorption of organic compounds to black carbon, coal, and kerogen in sediments and soils: mechanisms and consequences for distribution, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation. Environ Sci Technol 39:6881–6895
Csoka L, Katekhaye SN, Gogate PR (2011) Comparison of cavitational activity in different configurations of sonochemical reactors using model reaction supported with theoretical simulations. Chem Eng J 178:384–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.037
Dat ND, Chang MB (2017) Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. Sci Total Environ 609:682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204
David B (2009) Sonochemical degradation of PAH in aqueous solution. part I: monocomponent PAH solution. Ultrason Sonochem 16:260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.07.013
Dehghani MH, Najafpoor AA, Azam K (2010) Using sonochemical reactor for degradation of LAS from effluent of wastewater treatment plant. Desalination 250:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.05.011
Deng Y, Zhao R (2015) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment. Curr Pollut Rep 1:167–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z
Destaillats H, Lesko TM, Knowlton M et al (2001) Scale-up of sonochemical reactors for water treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:3855–3860. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010110u
Doyle E, Muckian L, Hickey AM, Clipson N (2008) Chapter 2 Microbial PAH Degradation. Adv Appl Microbiol 65:27–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)00602-3
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2007) Progress in management of contaminated sites(CSI 015); 2007. http://themes.eea.europa.eu/IMS/ISpecs/ISpecification20041007131746/IAssessment1152619898983/view_content
Feng R, Zhao Y, Zhu C, Mason TJ (2002) Enhancement of ultrasonic cavitation yield by multi-frequency sonication. Ultrason Sonochem 9:231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4177(02)00083-4
Frank SN, Bard AJ (1977) Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide and sulfite in aqueous solutions at semiconductor powders. J Phys Chem 81:1484–1488. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100530a011
Ghosh U, Gillette JS, Luthy RG, Zare RN (2000) Microscale location, characterization, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on harbor sediment particles. Environ Sci Technol 34:1729–1736
Glaze WH, Kang J, Douglas H (2008) Ozone science and engineering: the journal of the international ozone association the chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone. Hydrog Peroxide Ultrav Radiat 9:335–352
Gogate PR (2008) Cavitational reactors for process intensification of chemical processing applications: a critical review. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 47:515–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.09.014
Gogate PR, Katekhaye SN (2012) A comparison of the degree of intensification due to the use of additives in ultrasonic horn and ultrasonic bath. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 61:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2012.06.016
Gogate PR, Mujumdar S, Pandit AB (2003) Sonochemical reactors for waste water treatment: comparison using formic acid degradation as a model reaction. Adv Environ Res 7:283–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00133-2
Gogate PR, Pandit AB (2004) Sonophotocatalytic reactors for wastewater treatment: a critical review. AIChE J 50:1051–1079. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10079
Gogate PR, Patil PN (2016) Sonochemical reactors. Top Curr Chem 374:61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-016-0064-9
Gogate PR, Tatake PA, Kanthale PM, Pandit AB (2002) Mapping of sonochemical reactors: review, analysis, and experimental verification. AIChE J 48:1542–1560. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690480717
Gong C, Hart DP (1997) Ultrasound induced cavitation and sonochemical yields. Am Soc Mech Eng Fluids Eng Div FED. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.423851
Gryglik D, Gmurek M, Foszpańczyk M, Ledakowicz S (2016) Photodegradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol in aqueous systems under simulated and natural sunlight. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9462098
Gupta A, Tripathi A, Patel H et al (2016) Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs): a perspective. Open Biotechnol J 10:363–378. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701610010363
Hailwood M, King D, Leoz E, et al. (2001) Ambient air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH). Position Pap Annex 66
Harrison RM, Smith DIT, Luhana L (1996) Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U.K. Environ Sci Technol 30:825–832. https://doi.org/10.1021/es950252d
Harvey PJ, Campanella BE, Castro PML, Harms H, Lichtfouses E, Schäffner AR, Smrcek S, Werck-Reichhart D (2002) Phytoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols. Environ Sci Pollut Res 9(1):29–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987315
Heit G, Braun AM (1997) VUV-photolysis of aqueous systems: spatial differentiation between volumes of primary and secondary reactions. Water Sci Technol 35:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00005-X
Henner P, Schiavona M, Druelleb V, Lichtfouse E (1999) Phytotoxicity of ancient gaswork soils. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on plant germination. Org Geochem 30:963–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00080-7
Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:69–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004
Hoigne J, Bader H (1975) Ozonation of water: role of hydroxyl radicals as oxidizing intermediates. Science 190:782–784. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.190.4216.782
Honda M, Suzuki N (2020) Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041363
Huang CP, Dong C, Tang Z (1993) Advanced chemical oxidation: its present role and potential future in hazardous waste treatment. Waste Manag 13:361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(93)90070-D
Ike IA, Karanfil T, Cho J, Hur J (2019) Oxidation byproducts from the degradation of dissolved organic matter by advanced oxidation processes–a critical review. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114929
Ince NH, Tezcanli G, Belen RK, Apikyan IG (2001) Ultrasound as a catalyzer of aqueous reaction systems: the state of the art and environmental applications. Appl Catal B Environ 29:167e76
Jia H, Li L, Chen H et al (2015) Exchangeable cations-mediated photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on smectite surface under visible light. J Hazard Mater 287:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.040
Jia H, Liu J, Zhu K, Gao P, Lichtfouse E (2020) High contribution of hydrocarbon transformation during the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils, humin and clay by thermal treatment at 100–200 °C. Environ Chem Lett In Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00972-4
Jiangning W, Mark AE, Law SE (1996) Evaluation of membrane filtration and ozonation. J Environ Eng ASCE 124:272–277
Johnsen AR, Karlson U (2007) Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence, bioavailability, and microbial degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:533–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1045-2
Joseph CG, Li Puma G, Bono A, Krishnaiah D (2009) Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: a short review. Ultrason Sonochem 16:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.02.002
Joshi RK, Gogate PR (2012) Degradation of dichlorvos using hydrodynamic cavitation based treatment strategies. Ultrason Sonochem 19:532–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.11.005
Juhasz AL, Naidu R (2000) Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review of the microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 45:57–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(00)00052-4
Kanaly RA, Harayama S (2000) Biodegradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria. J Bacteriol 182:2059–2067
Kang J-W, Hung H-M, Lin A, Hoffmann MR (1999) Sonolytic destruction of methyl tert-butyl ether by ultrasonic. Environ Sci Technol 33:3199–3205
Kansal SK, Singh M, Sud D (2008) Studies on TiO2/ZnO photocatalysed degradation of lignin. J Hazard Mater 153:412–417
Karam FF, Hussein FH, Baqir SJ, Alkaim AF (2016) Optimal conditions for treatment of contaminated waters with anthracene by Fenton processes in close system reactor. J Chem Pharm Sci 9:1111–1115
Khanal SK, Grewell D, Sung S, Van Leeuwen J (2007) Ultrasound applications in wastewater sludge pretreatment: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 37:277–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600860249
Khataee A, Saadi S, Vahid B, Joo SW (2016) Sonochemical synthesis of holmium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles: characterization, sonocatalysis of reactive orange 29 and kinetic study. J Ind Eng Chem 35:167
Kim H, Koo B, Lee S, Yoon JY (2019) Experimental study of cavitation intensity using a novel hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. J Mech Sci Technol 33:4303–4310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-0826-8
Kisku G, Tripathi S, Raj A (2018) Polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in environment and human health: a review. Int J Adv Res 6:287–296. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6857
Korfmacher WA, Wehry EL, Mamantov G, Natusch DFS (1980) Resistance to photochemical decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons vapor-adsorbed on coal fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 14:1094–1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60169a019
Krishnan S, Rawindran H, Sinnathambi CM, Lim JW (2017) Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes used in remediation of industrial wastewater laden with recalcitrant pollutants. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/206/1/012089
Kronenberg M, Trably E, Bernet N, Patureau D (2017) Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: using microbial bioelectrochemical systems to overcome an impasse. Environ Pollut 231:509–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.048
Krzemińska D, Neczaj E, Borowski G (2015) Advanced oxidation processes for food industrial wastewater decontamination. J Ecol Eng. 16:61–71. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/1858
Kumar MS, Sonawane SH, Bhanvase BA, Bethi B (2018) Treatment of ternary dye wastewater by hydrodynamic cavitation combined with other advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s). J Water Process Eng 23:250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.04.004
Kwon SH, Kim JH, Cho D (2009) An analysis method for degradation kinetics of lowly concentrated PAH solutions under UV light and ultrasonication. J Ind Eng Chem 15:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2008.09.018
Lai X, Xun-an N, He Y et al (2019) Treatment of a simulated sludge by ultrasonic zero-valent iron/EDTA/air process: interferences of inorganic salts in polyaromatic hydrocarbon removal. Waste Manag 85:548–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.009
Latimer JS, Zheng J (2003) The sources, transport, and fate of PAHs in the marine environment. PAHs Ecotoxicol Perspect. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470867132.ch2
Laughrey Z, Bear E, Jones R, Tarr MA (2001) Aqueous sonolytic decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of additional dissolved species. Ultrason Sonochem 8(4):353–357
Laurent C, Feidt C, Grova N, Mpassi D, Lichtfouse E, Laurent F, Rychen G (2002) Portal absorption of 14C after ingestion of spiked milk with 14C-phenanthrene, 14C-benzo[a]pyrene or 14C-TCDD in growing pigs. Chemosphere 48:843–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00145-5
Laurent C, Feidt C, Lichtfouse E, Grova N, Laurent F, Rychen G (2001) Milk-blood transfer of 14C-tagged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pigs. J Agric Food Chem 49:2493–2496. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0014011
Li M, Li Jitai S, Hanwen, (2008b) Hierarchical self-assembly of pH-responsive nanocomposites with molecular-scale and mesoscale periodicities. Progr Chem 20:5977–5986
Li X, Li P, Lin X, Zhang C, Li Q, Gong Z (2008a) Biodegradation of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by microbial consortia in soil and slurry phases. J Hazard Mater 150:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.044
Lichtfouse E, Budzinski H, Garrigues P, Eglinton TI (1997) Ancient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in modern soils: 13C, 14C and biomarker evidence. Org Geochem 26(5/6):353–359
Lichtfouse E, Sappin-Didier V, Denaix L, Caria G, Metzger L, Amellal-Nassr N, Schmidt J (2005) A 25-year record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils amended with sewage sludges. Environ Chem Lett 3:140–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-005-0010-5
Lindstedt G, Sollenberg J (1982) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the occupational environment. With special reference to benzo[a]pyrene measurements in Swedish industry. Scand J Work Environ Heal 8:1–19. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2503
Liu B, Chen B, Zhang B et al (2016) Removal of naphthalene from offshore produced water through immobilized nano-TiO2 aided photo-oxidation. Water Qual Res J Canada 51:246–255. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.027
Liu J, Jia H, Zhu K, Song S, Lichtfouse E (2020) Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species during the thermal treatment of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Chem Lett In Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00991-1
Loick N, Hobbs PJ, Hale MDC, Jones DL (2009) Bioremediation of poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil by composting. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 39:271–332
Loranger E, Paquin M, Daneault C, Chabot B (2011) Comparative study of sonochemical effects in an ultrasonic bath and in a large-scale flow-through sonoreactor. Chem Eng J 178:359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.021
Lu CS, Chen CC, Huang LK, Tsai PA, Lai HF (2013) Photocatalytic degradation of acridine orange over NaBiO3 driven by visible light irradiation. Catalysts 3:501–516
Luo J, Zhou XS, Ma L, Xu XY, Ruan HT, Zhang ZB (2016) Facile fabrication and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of In2O3/Ag2CrO4 composites. RSC Adv 6:52627
Mahamuni NN, Adewuyi YG (2010) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: a review with emphasis on cost estimation. Ultrason Sonochem 17:990–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.09.005
Mahvi AH (2009) Application of ultrasonic technology for water and wastewater treatment. Iran J Public Health 38:1–17
Malade LV, Deshannavar UB (2017) A review on application of cavitational reactors for degradation of dye waste water from textile industries. Int J Eng Res Technol 10:222–226
Manan TSBA, Beddu S, Khan T, Mohtar WHMW, Sarwono A, Jusoh H, Kamal NLM, Sivapalan S, Ghanim AAJ (2019) Step by step procedures: degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in potable water using photo-Fenton oxidation process. MethodsX 6:1701–1705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.011
Manariotis ID, Karapanagioti HK, Chrysikopoulos CV (2011) Degradation of PAHs by high frequency ultrasound. Water Res 45:2587–2594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.009
Manickavachagam M, Sillanpaa M, Swaminathan M, Ahmmad B (2015) Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment 2014. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/363167
Masih J, Masih A, Kulshrestha A et al (2010) Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the North central part of India. J Hazard Mater 177:190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.017
Masih J, Singhvi R, Kumar K et al (2012) Seasonal variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air in a semi arid tract of Northern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:515–525. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.11.0192
Mason TJ (1986) Use of ultrasound in chemical synthesis. Ultrasonics 24:245
Mason TJ (1991) Practical sonochemistry; user’s guide to applications in chemistry and chemical engineering. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester
Mason TJ (1993) Sonochemistry: a technology for tomorrow. Chem Ind 18(1):47–50
Mason TJ (1999) Sonochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York
Masood F, Singh HP, Batish DR (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as environmental pollutants : a review. 80–89
McKenzie TG, Karimi F, Ashokkumar M, Qiao GG (2019) Ultrasound and sonochemistry for radical polymerization: sound synthesis. Chem Eur J 25:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803771
Meng ZD, Zhu L, Oh WC (2012) Preparation and high visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity of CdSe and CdSe-C60 nanoparticles. J Ind Eng Chem 18:2004
Menzie CA, Potocki BB, Joseph S (1992) Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 26:1278–1284. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00031a002
Moholkar VS, Senthil Kumar P, Pandit AB (1999) Hydrodynamic cavitation for sonochemical effects. Ultrason Sonochem 6:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4177(98)00030-3
Muruganandham M, Suri RPS, Jafari S et al (2014) Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/821674
Oh JY, Choi SD, Kwon HO, Lee SE (2016) Leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial wastewater sludge by ultrasonic treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 33:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.027
Otake T, Tone S, Kono K, Nakao K (1979) Photo-oxidation of phenols with ozone. J Chem Eng Japan 12:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.12.289
Oturan MA, Aaron JJ (2014) Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: principles and applications. A review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 44:2577–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
Pang YL, Abdullah AZ, Bhatia S (2011) Review on sonochemical methods in the presence of catalysts and chemical additives for treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater. Desalination 277:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.04.049
Pee GY, Na S, Wei Z, Weavers LK (2015) Increasing the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment using ultrasound. Chemosphere 122:265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.072
Peters D (1996) Ultrasound in materials chemistry. J Mater Chem 6(10):1605e18
Pilli S, Bhunia P, Yan S et al (2011) Ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge: a review. Ultrason Sonochem 18:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.02.014
Pirsaheb M, Moradi N (2020) Sonochemical degradation of pesticides in aqueous solution: investigation on the influence of operating parameters and degradation pathway–a systematic review. RSC Adv 10:7396–7423. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA11025A
Poulios I, Aetopoulou I (1999) Photocatalytic degradation of the textile dye reactive orange 16 in the presence of TiO2 suspensions. Environ Technol 20:479–487
Price GJ (1992) Introduction to sonochemistry. In: Price GJ (ed) Current trends in Sonochemistry. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 1–7
Priego-Capote F, Luque De Castro MD (2004) Analytical uses of ultrasound I. Sample preparation. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 23:644–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.06.006
Psillakis E, Goula G, Kalogerakis N, Mantzavinos D (2004) Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions by ultrasonic irradiation. J Hazard Mater 108:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.01.004
Pugin B (1987) Qualitative characterization of ultrasound reactors for heterogeneous sonochemistry. Ultrasonics 25:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-624X(87)90012-6
Pétrier C, Torres-Palma R, Combet E et al (2010) Enhanced sonochemical degradation of bisphenol-A by bicarbonate ions. Ultrason Sonochem 17:111–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.05.010
Qiu P, Park B, Choi J et al (2018) A review on heterogeneous sonocatalyst for treatment of organic pollutants in aqueous phase based on catalytic mechanism. Ultrason Sonochem 45:29–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.003
Rachna RM, Shanker U (2019) Degradation of tricyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water, soil and river sediment with a novel TiO2 based heterogeneous nanocomposite. J Environ Manag 248:109340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109340
Raut-Jadhav S, Saharan VK, Pinjari DV et al (2013) Intensification of degradation of imidacloprid in aqueous solutions by combination of hydrodynamic cavitation with various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). J Environ Chem Eng 1:850–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.07.029
Razmi H, Abdollahi V, Mohammad-Rezaei R (2016) Graphene quantum dots–eggshell nanocomposite to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Environ Chem Lett 14:521–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0555-5
Rubio-Clemente A, Torres-Palma RA, Peñuela GA (2014) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. Sci Total Environ 478:201–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.126
Sakulthaew C, Comfort S, Chokejaroenrat C et al (2014) A combined chemical and biological approach to transforming and mineralizing PAHs in runoff water. Chemosphere 117:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.041
Samanta SK, Singh OV, Jain RK (2002) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation. Trends Biotechnol 20:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01943-1
Sancheti SV, Saini C, Ambati R, Gogate PR (2008) Synthesis of ultrasound assisted nanostuctured photocatalyst (NiO supported over CeO2) and its application for photocatalytic as well as sonocatalytic dye degradation. Catal Today 300:50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.02.047
Sarma H, Islam NF, Borgohain P, Sarma A, Prasad MNV (2016) Localization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in surface soil of Asia’s oldest oil and gas drilling site in Assam, north-east India: implications for the bio-economy. Emerg Contam 2(3):119–127
Sathishkumar P, Mangalaraja RV, Anandan S (2016) Review on the recent improvements in sonochemical and combined sonochemical oxidation processes–a powerful tool for destruction of environmental contaminants. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:426–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.139
Sayara TAS (2010) Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil: process evaluation through composting and anaerobic digestion approach. Ph.D thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), September 2010, pp. 163+iv
Schiel MA, Domini CE, Chopa AB, Silbestri GF (2016) Synthesis and assessment of a novel ionic material for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with ultrasound. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.11.002
Schrank SG, José HJ, Moreira RFPM, Schröder HF (2004) Comparison of different advanced oxidation process to reduce toxicity and mineralisation of tannery wastewater. Water Sci Technol 50:329–334. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0345
Servant G (2003) On the interaction between ultrasound waves and bubble clouds in mono- and dual-frequency sonoreactors. Ultrason Sonochem 10:347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4177(03)00105-6
Services H (1999) Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, U.S. department of health and human services, public health service, agency for toxic substances and disease registry, Washington, D.C., August 1985. J Toxicol Cutan Ocul Toxicol 18:141–147. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569529909037564
Sivasankar T, Moholkar VS (2008) Physical features of sonochemical degradation of nitroaromatic pollutants. Chemosphere 72:1795–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.031
So HL, Chu W, Wang YH (2019) Naphthalene degradation by Fe2+/oxone/UV–applying an unconventional kinetics model and studying the reaction mechanism. Chemosphere 218:110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.091
Sponza DT, Oztekin R (2010a) Destruction of some more and less hydrophobic PAHs and their toxicities in a petrochemical industry wastewater with sonication in Turkey. Bioresour Technol 101:8639–8648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.124
Sponza DT, Oztekin R (2010b) Removals of PAHs and acute toxicity via sonication in a petrochemical industry wastewater. Chem Eng J 162:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.014
Sponza DT, Oztekin R (2011) Removals of some hydrophobic poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Daphnia magna acute toxicity in a petrochemical industry wastewater with ultrasound in Izmir-Turkey. Sep Purif Technol 77:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.12.021
Stewart G, Smith K, Chornes A, Harris T, Honeysucker T, Yu H (2010) Photochemical reaction of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: effect by solvent and structure. Environ Chem Lett 8:301–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0221-2
Suslick KS (1986) Organometallic sonochemistry. Adv Organo Met Chem 25:73–119
Suslick KS (1989) The Chemical effects of ultrasound. Sci Am 260:80–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0289-80
Suslick KS (1990) Sonochemistry. Science 247:1439e45
Suslick KS, Hammerton DA, Cline RE Jr (1986) The Sonochemical Hot. J Am Chem Soc 108:5641–5642
Talley JW, Ghosh U, Tucker SG, Furey JS, Luthy RG (2002) Particle-scale understanding of the bioavailability of PAHs in sediment. Environ Sci Technol 36:477–483. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010897f
Taylor E, Cook BB, Tarr MA (1999) Dissolved organic matter inhibition of sonochemical degradation of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ultrason Sonochem 6(4):175–183
Teo BM, Prescott SW, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F (2008) Ultrasound initiated miniemulsion polymerization of methacrylate monomers. Ultrason Sonochem 15:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.01.009
Thanu DPR, Zhao M, Han Z, Keswani M (2019) Fundamentals and applications of sonic technology. Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam
Tran N, Drogui P, Zaviska F, Brar SK (2013) Sonochemical degradation of the persistent pharmaceutical carbamazepine. J Environ Manag 131:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.027
Turek A, Włodarczyk-Makuła M (2016) Catalytic oxidation of pahs in wastewater/Katalityczne Utlenianie Wwa w Ściekach. Civ Environ Eng Rep 20:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0015
Tuulmets A, Piiskop S, Järv J, Salmar S (2014) Sonication effects on non-radical reactions: a sonochemistry beyond the cavitation? Ultrason Sonochem 21:997–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.11.001
Ukiwe LN, Egereonu UU, Njoku PC et al (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation techniques: a review. Int J Chem 5:43–55. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v5n4p43
Vajnhandl S, Majcen Le Marechal A (2005) Ultrasound in textile dyeing and the decolouration/mineralization of textile dyes. Dye Pigment 65:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.06.012
Valderrama C, Gamisans X, de las Heras FX, et al (2007) Kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal using hyper-cross-linked polymeric sorbents Macronet Hypersol MN200. React Funct Polym 67:1515–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.020
Vincenzo Naddeo AC (2013) Wastewater treatment by combination of advanced oxidation processes and conventional biological systems. J Bioremediation Biodegrad. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000208
Vinoth R, Babu SG, Bahnemann D, Neppolian B (2015) Nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide hybrid metal free catalysts for effective reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Sci Adv Mater 7:1443–1449. https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2015.2181
Wang GW, Huang YY, Li GS, Zhang HB, Wang YD, Li BW, Wang J, Song YT (2017) Preparation of a novel sonocatalyst, Au/NiGa2O4-Au-Bi2O3 nanocomposite, and application in sonocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Ultrason Sonochem 38:335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.031
Wang J, Wang Z, Vieira CLZ et al (2019) Review on the treatment of organic pollutants in water by ultrasonic technology. Ultrason Sonochem 55:273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.017
Wang JL, Xu LJ (2012) Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42:251–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.507698
Wang Z, Yang P, Wang Y, Ma X (2012) Urban fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Dalian soils. Environ Chem Lett 10:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-011-0341-3
Wei Z, Spinney R, Ke R, Yang Z, Xiao R (2016) Effect of pH on the sonochemical degradation of organic pollutants. Environ Chem Lett 14:163–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0557-3
Xie MY, Zhang TL (2018) One-pot, facile fabrication of a Ag3PO4-based ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst with excellent visible-light photoactivity and anti-photocorrosion performance. Appl Surf Sci 436:90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.234
Xu Z, Yasuda K, Koda S (2013) Numerical simulation of liquid velocity distribution in a sonochemical reactor. Ultrason Sonochem 20:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.04.011
Yang G, Chen DM, Ding H, Feng JJ, Zhang JZ, Zhu YF, Hamid S, Bahnemann DW (2017) Well-designed 3D ZnIn2S4 nanosheets/TiO2 nanobelts as direct Z-scheme photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuel with high efficiency. Appl Catal B Environ 219:611
Yasui K, Tuziuti T, Iida Y (2005) Dependence of the characteristics of bubbles on types of sonochemical reactors. Ultrason Sonochem 12:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.06.003
Zaman S, Zhang K, Karim A et al (2017) Sonocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant by SnO2/MWCNT nanocomposite. Diam Relat Mater 76:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2017.05.009
Zhang J, Guo Y, Xiong YH, Zhou DD, Dong SS (2017) An environmentally friendly Z-scheme WO3/CDots/CdS heterostructure with remarkable photocatalytic activity and anti-photocorrosion performance. J Catal 356:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.09.021
Zhang YH, Sun YG, Yue LH, Guo CH (2013) Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in groundwater by sodium percarbonate oxidation. Asian J Chem 25:5917–5920. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14047
Zhang HB, Wei CS, Huang YY, Li GS, Wu Q, Wang J, Song YT (2016) Preparation of Er3+:Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 composite and application in innocent treatment of ketamine by using sonocatalytic decomposition method. J Hazard Mater 317:667–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.097
Zhang MM, Zhu YY, Li WJ, Wang FZ, Li HD, Liu XT, Zhang WW, Ren CJ (2018) Double Z-scheme system of silver bromide@bismuth tungstate/tungsten trioxide ternary heterojunction with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 509:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.095
Zhao S, Zhang C, Ni Z, Zhu K, Liu J, Dai Y, Jia H (2020) Optimized extraction of environmentally persistent free radicals from clays contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Chem Lett 18:949–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00982-2
Zheng XJ, Blais JF, Mercier G et al (2007) PAH removal from spiked municipal wastewater sewage sludge using biological, chemical and electrochemical treatments. Chemosphere 68:1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.052
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, P., Suresh, S., Jha, J.M. et al. Sonochemical degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 2663–2687 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01157-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01157-9