Abstract
This paper presents a novel algorithm to successfully achieve viable integrity and authenticity addition and verification of n-frame DICOM medical images using cryptographic mechanisms. The aim of this work is the enhancement of DICOM security measures, especially for multiframe images. Current approaches have limitations that should be properly addressed for improved security. The algorithm proposed in this work uses data encryption to provide integrity and authenticity, along with digital signature. Relevant header data and digital signature are used as inputs to cipher the image. Therefore, one can only retrieve the original data if and only if the images and the inputs are correct. The encryption process itself is a cascading scheme, where a frame is ciphered with data related to the previous frames, generating also additional data on image integrity and authenticity. Decryption is similar to encryption, featuring also the standard security verification of the image. The implementation was done in JAVA, and a performance evaluation was carried out comparing the speed of the algorithm with other existing approaches. The evaluation showed a good performance of the algorithm, which is an encouraging result to use it in a real environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Oath of Hippocrates. In: Harvard Classics, v. 38. Boston: P.F. Collier and Son, 1910
IMIA Code of Ethics for Health Information Professionals, IMIA, 2002. Available: http://www.imia.org/English_code_of_ethics.html. Accessed 20 April 2007
Digital Imaging and COmmunications in Medicine (DICOM) Standard: DICOM. Available: http://medical.nema.org/dicom/2006/. Accessed 05 May 2007
Stallings W: Cryptography and Network Security – Principles and Practice, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995
Trichili H, Bouhlel MS, Derbel N, Kamoun L: A new medical image watermarking scheme for a better telediagnosis. In: 2002 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Session MP1B
Albanesi MG, Ferretti M, Guerrini FA: Taxonomy for Image Authentication Techniques and Its Application to the Current State of the Art, Proceedings on 11th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, pp 26–28
Coatrieux G, Maître H, Sankur B, Rolland Y, Collorec R: Relevance of watermarking in medical imaging, 2000 IEEE EMBS Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine, pp 250–255
Coatrieux G, Maître H, Sankur B: Strict integrity control of biomedical images. In: SPIE Conference 4314: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents III
Zhou XQ, Huang HK: Authenticity and integrity of digital mammography images. IEEE Trans Med Imag 20(8):784–791, 2001
Cao F, Huang HK, Zhou XQ: Medical image security in a HIPAA mandated PACS environment. Comput Med Imaging Graph 27:185–196, 2003
Acharya UR, Bhat PS, Kumar S, Min LC: Transmission and storage of medical images with patient information. Comput Biol Med 33:303–310, 2003
Miaou S, Hsu C, Tsai Y, Chao H: A secure data hiding technique with heterogeneous data-combining capability for electronic patient records. In: World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Proceedings of, Session Electronic Healthcare Records, IEEE-BEM
Giakoumaki A, Pavlopoulos S, Koutsouris D: A Multiple Watermarking Scheme Applied to Medical Image Management, Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS 2004, pp 3241–3244
Wakatani A: Digital watermarking for ROI medical images by using compressed signature image, 35th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Proceedings of, pp 2043–2048
Zain JM, Baldwin LP, Clarke M: Reversible watermarking for authentication of DICOM images, Conference Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2004), v. 2, pp. 3237–3240
Guo X, Zhuang T: A lossless watermarking scheme for enhancing security of medical data in PACS, Proceedings of the SPIE Medical Imaging 2003: PACS and Integrated Medical Information Systems: Design and Evaluation 5033:350–359, 2003
Zhou Z, Huang HK, Liu BJ: Three-dimensional lossless digital signature embedding for the integrity of volumetric images, Proceedings of the SPIE Medical Imaging 2005: PACS and Imaging Informatics, v. 6145, 61450R, 2006
Zhou Z, Huang HK, Liu BJ: Digital Signature Embedding (DSE) for Medical Image Integrity in a Data Grid Off-Site Backup Archive, Proceedings of the SPIE Medical Imaging 2005: PACS and Imaging Informatics 5748:306–317, 2005
Whiting D, Schneier B, Lucks S, Muller F: Phelix – Fast Encryption and Authentication in a Single Cryptographic Primitive. Available: http://www.schneier.com/paper-phelix.pdf. Accessed 05 June 2007
ISO: ISO/IEC 10118–3:2004 Standard. Available: http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=39876&scopelist=. Accessed 05 June 2007
McGrew DA, Viega J: The Galois/Counter Mode of Operation (GCM), NIST Computer Security Division, Computer Security Resource Center, 2005
Giakoumaki A, Pavlopoulos S, Koutsouris D: Secure and efficient health data management through multiple watermarking on medical images. Med Biol Eng Comput 44:619–631, 2006
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank CNPq and FINEP for financial support for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kobayashi, L.O.M., Furuie, S.S. Proposal for DICOM Multiframe Medical Image Integrity and Authenticity. J Digit Imaging 22, 71–83 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-008-9103-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-008-9103-6