Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of stand density on soil CO2 efflux for a Pinus densiflora forest in Korea

  • JPR Symposium
  • Carbon cycle process in East Asia
  • Published:
Journal of Plant Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigated the influence of stand density [938 tree ha−1 for high stand density (HD), 600 tree ha−1 for medium stand density (MD), and 375 tree ha−1 for low stand density (LD)] on soil CO2 efflux (R S) in a 70-year-old natural Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in central Korea. Concurrent with R S measurements, we measured litterfall, total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA), leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), and soil nitrogen (N) concentration over a 2-year period. The R S (t C ha−1 year−1) and leaf litterfall (t C ha−1 year−1) values varied with stand density: 6.21 and 2.03 for HD, 7.45 and 2.37 for MD, and 6.96 and 2.23 for LD, respectively. In addition, R S was correlated with ST (R 2 = 0.77–0.80, P < 0.001) and SWC (R 2 = 0.31–0.35, P < 0.001). It appeared that stand density influenced R S via changes in leaf litterfall, LAI and SWC. Leaf litterfall (R 2 = 0.71), TBCA (R 2 = 0.64–0.87), and total soil N contents in 2007 (R 2 = 0.94) explained a significant amount of the variance in R S (P < 0.01). The current study showed that stand density is one of the key factors influencing R S due to the changing biophysical and environmental factors in P. densiflora.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bolstad PV, Gower ST (1990) Estimation of leaf area index in fourteen southern Wisconsin forest stands using a potable radiometer. Tree Physiol 7:115–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel Yuste J, Janssens IA, Carrara A, Ceulemans R (2004) Annual Q 10 of soil respiration reflects plant phenological patterns as well as temperature sensitivity. Globe Change Biol 10:161–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel Yuste J, Janssens IA, Ceulemans R (2005) Calibration and validation of an empirical approach to model soil CO2 efflux in a deciduous forest. Biogeochemistry 73:209–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Janssens IA (2006) Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440:165–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Belk E, Boone RD (1998) Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Globe Change Biol 4:217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Savage K, Bolstad P, Clark DA, Curtis PS, Ellsworth DS, Hanson PJ, Law BE, Luo Y, Pregitzer KS, Randolph JC, Zak D (2002) Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGA-based soil respiration measurements. Agric For Meteorol 113:39–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giardina CP, Ryan MG (2002) Total belowground carbon allocation in a fast-growing Eucalyptus plantation estimated using a carbon balance approach. Ecosystems 5:487–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gough CM, Seiler JR (2004) The influence of environmental, soil carbon, root and stand characteristics on soil CO2 efflux in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations located on the South Carolina Coastal Plain. For Ecol Manag 191:353–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gower ST, Vogt KA, Grier CC (1992) Carbon dynamics of rocky mountain Douglas-fir: influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecol Monogr 62:43–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gower ST, Reich PB, Son Y (1993) Canopy dynamics and aboveground production of five tree species with different leaf longevities. Tree Physiol 12:327–345

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbard KA, Law BE, Reichstein M, Sulzman J (2005) An analysis of soil respiration across northern hemisphere temperate ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 73:29–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Högberg P, Nordgren A, Buchmann N, Taylor AF, Ekblad A, Högberg MN, Nyberg G, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Read DJ (2001) Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature 411:789–792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang J, Son Y, Kim JS (2001) An improved soil core sampler. J Kor For Soc 90:788–791 (in Korean with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine J, Law BE (2002) Contrasting soil respiration in young and old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Globe Change Biol 8:1183–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen IA, Lankreijer H, Matteucci G, Kowalski AS, Buchmann N, Epron D, Pilegaard K, Kutsch W, Longdoz B, Grünwald T, Montagnani L, Dore S, Rebmann C, Moors EJ, Grelle A, Rannik Ü, Morgenstern K, Oltchev S, Clement R, Guðmundsson J, Minerbi S, Berbigier P, Ibrom A, Moncrieff J, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Jensen NO, Vesala T, Granier A, Schulze ED, Lindroth A, Dolman AJ, Jarvis PG, Ceulemans R, Valentini R (2001) Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests. Globe Change Biol 7:269–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, Muys B, Coppin P, Weiss M, Baret F (2004) Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination. Part I. Theories, sensors and hemishpherical photography. Agric For Meteorol 121:19–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim C, Son Y, Lee WK, Jeong J, Noh NJ (2009) Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea. For Ecol Manag 257:1420–1426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight DH, Vose JM, Baldwin VC, Ewel KC, Grodzinska K (1994) Contrasting patterns in pine forest ecosystems. Ecol Bull 43:9–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korea Forest Service (2008) Statistical Year Book of Forestry, Korea. (in Korean)

  • Law BE, Ryan MG, Anthomi PM (1999) Seasonal and annual respiration of a ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages. Globe Change Biol 7:755–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Xu M, Zou X (2006) Heterotrophic soil respiration in relation to environmental factors and microbial biomass in two wet tropical forests. Plant Soil 28:193–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litton CM, Ryan MG, Knight DH, Stahl P (2003) Soil-surface carbon dioxide efflux and microbial biomass in relation to tree density 13 years after a stand replacing fire in a lodgepole pine ecosystem. Globe Change Biol 9:680–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litton CM, Ryan MG, Knight DH (2004) Effects of tree density and stand age on carbon allocation patterns in postfire lodgepole pine. Ecol Appl 14:460–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litton CM, Raich JW, Ryan MG (2007) Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Globe Change Biol 13:2089–2109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lou Y, Zhou X (2006) Soil Respiration and the Environment. Academic Press, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Luyssaert S, Schulze ED, Börner A, Knohl A, Hessenmöller D, Law BE, Ciais P, Grace J (2008) Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455:213–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mo W, Lee M-S, Uchida M, Inatomi M, Saigusa N, Mariko S, Koizumi H (2005) Seasonal and annual variations in soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan. Agric For Meteorol 134:81–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakane K, Yamamoto M, Tsubota H (1983) Estimation of root respiration rate in a mature forest ecosystem. Jpn J Ecol 33:397–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakane K, Tsubota H, Yamamoto M (1984) Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest I. Before clear-felling. Bot Mag Tokyo 97:39–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi M, Gyokusen K, Saito A (1999) Measurement of carbon dioxide evolution from a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest floor using and open-flow chamber method. For Ecol Manag 256:201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Pangle RE, Seiler J (2002) Influence of seedling roots, environmental factors and soil characteristics on soil CO2 efflux rates in a 2-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the Virginia Piedmont. Environ Poll 116:S85–S96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raich JW (1998) Aboveground productivity and soil respiration in three Hawaiian rain forests. For Ecol Manag 107:309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raich JW, Nadelhoffer KJ (1989) Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: global trends. Ecology 70:1346–1354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raich JW, Potter CS, Bhagawati D (2002) Interannual variability in global soil respiration, 1980–94. Globe Change Biol 8:800–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MG, Linder S, Vose JM, Hubbard RM (1994) Dark respiration of pines. Ecol Bull 43:50–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryu SR, Concilio A, Chen J, North M, Ma S (2009) Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest, California. For Ecol Manag 257:1324–1332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saiz G, Green C, Butterbach-Bahl K, Kiese R, Avitabile V, Farrell EP (2006) Seasonal and spatial variability of soil respiration in four Sitka spruce stands. Plant Soils 287:161–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SAS (2004) SAS/STAT 9.1 user’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary

    Google Scholar 

  • Son Y, Jun YC, Lee YY, Kim RH, Yang SY (2004) Soil carbon dioxide evolution, litter decomposition, and nitrogen availability four years after thinning a Japanese larch plantation. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 35:1111–1122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Son Y, Kim DY, Park IH, Yi MJ, Jin HO (2007) Production and Nutrient Cycling of Oak Forests in Korea: a Case Study of Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis Stands (in Korean). Kangwon National University Press, Korea

    Google Scholar 

  • Striegl RG, Wickland KP (1998) Effects of a clear-cut harvest on soil respiration in a jack pine-lichen woodland. Can J For Res 28:534–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang J, Qi Y, Xu M, Misson L, Goldstein AH (2005) Forest thinning and soil respiration in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada. Tree Physiol 25:57–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, Howarth RW (1991) Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea. How can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13:87–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vose JM, Dougherty PM, Long JN, Smith FW, Gholz HL, Curran PJ (1994) Factors influencing the amount and distribution of leaf area of pine stands. Ecol Bull 43:102–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CK, Yang JY, Zhang QZ (2006) Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China. Globe Change Biol 12:2103–2114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman PE, Seiler JR (2004) Soil CO2 efflux across four age classes of plantation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on the Virginia Piedmont. For Ecol Manag 192:297–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y (2003) Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales. Tree Physiol 23:463–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Wang Y, Zhou G, Zhang D (2006) Estimates of soil respiration and net primary production of three forests at different succession stages in south China. Globe Change Biol 12:810–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yi MJ, Son Y, Jin HO, Park IH, Kim DY, Kim YS, Shin DM (2005) Belowground carbon allocation of natural Quercus mongolica forests estimated from litterfall and soil respiration measurements. Korean J Agric For Meteorol 7:227–234 (in Korean with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (Grant No. R01-2006-000-10863-0, A3 Foresight Program: Grant No. A307-K001).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea

    Nam Jin Noh, Yowhan Son, Sue Kyoung Lee, Tae Kyung Yoon, Kyung Won Seo & Woo-Kyun Lee

  2. Department of Forest Resources, Jinju National University, Jinju, 660-758, Korea

    Choonsig Kim

  3. Korea Forest Research Institution, Pocheon, 487-821, Korea

    Sang Won Bae & Jaehong Hwang

Authors
  1. Nam Jin Noh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yowhan Son
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sue Kyoung Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tae Kyung Yoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kyung Won Seo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Choonsig Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Woo-Kyun Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sang Won Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jaehong Hwang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yowhan Son.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Noh, N.J., Son, Y., Lee, S.K. et al. Influence of stand density on soil CO2 efflux for a Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. J Plant Res 123, 411–419 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-010-0331-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-010-0331-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation