Abstract
To understand the hydrochemical characteristics and circulation pattern of groundwater in coastal coal mining areas, we analyzed 81 water samples from different water bodies in the Liangjia coal mine (LCM) area using multivariate statistical analysis and hydrochemical methods. The Quaternary groundwater (QW), accumulated water (AW) in the subsidence area, and mine water (MW) in the LCM all exhibit weakly alkaline to slightly saline water chemistry. The dominant cations and anions in the water are sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−), reflecting the influence of seawater intrusion. Some ions in QW, AW, and MW exhibited significant annual variations, but Na+ and Cl− concentrations increased with time. The water samples were divided into four categories through cluster analysis: C1 and C2 (bedrock water samples), C3 (water samples prominently affected by seawater intrusion), and C4 (QW and AW in the surface subsidence area). According to the Piper diagram, QW and AW in the surface subsidence area mainly correspond to the Na−Cl type, whereas the MW mainly consists of Na−Cl and Na−HCO3 types. Factor analysis revealed four main factors: seawater recharge, HCO3-rich bedrock water, alkaline water, and Quaternary groundwater (QW) with eigenvalues of 4.18, 2.44, 1.22, and 1.19 respectively, which explained 81.98% of the original data information. The comprehensive results of hydrochemical analysis and mathematical statistics indicated that the recharge sources of MW in LCM include seawater, QW, AW, HCO3-rich bedrock water, and mixed water. Based on regional hydrogeological conditions, a preliminary groundwater circulation model of the coastal coal mining area was constructed. Groundwater generally flows into the Bohai Sea from southeast to northwest, and coal mining has changed the original local groundwater runoff patterns and intensified seawater intrusion.
Zusammenfassung
Um die hydrochemischen Eigenschaften und den Grundwasserfluss in einem küstennahmen Kohleabbaugebiet zu interpretieren, wurden 81 Wasserproben aus verschiedenen Wasserkörpern im Liangjia-Kohlebergbaugebiet mit Hilfe multivariater statistischer Analysen und hydrochemischer Methoden analysiert. Das quartäre Grundwasser (QW), das sog. akkumulierte Wasser (AW) im Senkungsgebiet des Kohleabbaus sowie das Grubenwasser (mine water, MW) im Liangjia-Kohlebergbaugebiet zeigen schwach alkalische bis leicht salzige Eigenschaften. Hauptkat- und -anionen sind Na + und Cl-, was den Einfluss einer Meerwasserintrusion widerspiegelt. Einige der An- und Kationen in QW, AW und MW wiesen erhebliche jährliche Schwankungsbereiche auf. Die Gehalte an Na + und Cl- nehmen insgesamt mit der Zeit zu. Die Wasserproben wurden durch eine Clusteranalyse in vier Kategorien eingeteilt: C1 und C2 (Wasserproben aus dem anstehenden Gebirge), C3 (Wasserproben, die stark von durch Meerwasser beeinflusst sind) und C4 (QW und AW im Bereich der Oberflächensenkung). Im Piper-Diagramm entsprechen QW und AW im Oberflächensenkungsgebiet hauptsächlich dem Na-Cl-Typ, während das Grubenwasser hauptsächlich aus Na-Cl- und Na-HCO3-Typen besteht. Eine Faktorenanalyse ergab die vier Hauptfaktoren Meerwasseranreicherung, HCO3-reiches Grundwasser, alkalisches Wasser und quartäres Grundwasser (QW), womit 82% der ursprünglichen Daten gedeutet werden konnten. Die Ergebnisse der hydrochemischen und der statistischen Auswertung zeigten, dass das Grubenwasser im Liangjia-Kohlebergbaugebiet sowohl durch Meerwasser, QW, AW, HCO3-reichem Grundwasser sowie durch Mischwasser beeinflusst wird. Auf der Grundlage der regionalen hydrogeologischen Bedingungen wurde ein konzeptionelles Grundwassermodell für das Küstenkohleabbaugebiet erstellt. Das Grundwasser fließt grundsätzlich von Südosten nach Nordwesten in das Bohai-Meer, jedoch hat der Kohleabbau den lokalen Grundwasserfluss verändert und das Eindringen von Meerwasser verstärkt.
为了解近滨海采煤区地下水水化学特征和水循环规律, 采用多元统计和水化学方法分析了梁家煤矿( LCM)不同水体的81个水样。第四系地下水( QW)、塌陷区积水( AW)、梁家煤矿矿井水( MW)均呈弱碱水至微咸水特征。主要阳离子、阴离子是Na+和Cl−, 反映出海水入侵影响。第四系地下水( QW)、塌陷区积水( AW)和梁家煤矿矿井水( MW)的一些离子具有明显年际变化特点, 而Na+和Cl−浓度随时间持续增大。依据聚类分析, 水样被分为四类: C1和C2 (基岩水样)、C3 (受海水入侵影响显著的水样)和C4 (第四系水和塌陷区积水)。根据Piper图解, 第四系水 (QW) 和塌陷区积水 (AW) 主要为Na-Cl型, 梁家煤矿矿井水 (MW) 由Na-Cl型和Na- HCO3型组成。因子分析揭示出4个主要因子: 海水补给、富含HCO3−基岩水、碱性水和第四系地下水, 它们解释了82.0%水源数据信息。综合水化学分析和数理统计的结果表明, 梁家煤矿的矿井水补给来源包括海水、第四系地下水 (QW) 、塌陷区积水(AW)、富含HCO3−基岩水和混合水。基于区域水文地质条件, 建立了滨海采煤区地下水循环的基本模型。地下水总体由东南向西北流向渤海, 煤矿开采改变了局部地下水径流方式, 加剧了海水入侵。
Resumen
Con el objetivo de comprender las características hidroquímicas y el patrón de circulación de las aguas subterráneas en las zonas mineras de carbón de la costa, se analizaron 81 muestras de agua de diferentes masas de agua en la zona de la mina de carbón de Liangjia (LCM) utilizando análisis estadísticos multivariantes y métodos hidroquímicos. El agua subterránea cuaternaria (QW), el agua acumulada (AW) en la zona de hundimiento y el agua de mina (MW) en la LCM presentan una química del agua entre débilmente alcalina y ligeramente salina. Los cationes y aniones dominantes son Na + y Cl-, reflejando la influencia de la intrusión de agua de mar. Algunos iones en QW, AW y MW mostraron variaciones anuales significativas, con las concentraciones de Na + y Cl- aumentando con el tiempo. Las muestras de agua se dividieron en cuatro categorías mediante un análisis de conglomerados: C1 y C2 (muestras de agua del lecho rocoso), C3 (muestras de agua afectadas prominentemente por la intrusión de agua de mar), y C4 (QW y AW en el área de subsidencia de la superficie). Según el diagrama de Piper, el QW y el AW de la zona de subsidencia superficial corresponden principalmente al tipo Na-Cl, mientras que el MW está formado principalmente por los tipos Na-Cl y Na-HCO3. El análisis de factores mostró cuatro factores principales: recarga de agua de mar, agua de lecho de roca rica en HCO3, agua alcalina y agua subterránea cuaternaria (QW), que explicaban el 82,0% de la información de los datos originales. Los resultados exhaustivos del análisis hidroquímico y las estadísticas matemáticas indicaron que las fuentes de recarga de MW en LCM incluyen agua de mar, QW, AW, agua del lecho rocoso rica en HCO3 y agua mixta. Con base en las condiciones hidrogeológicas regionales, se construyó un modelo preliminar de circulación de aguas subterráneas de la zona minera costera de carbón. Las aguas subterráneas desembocan generalmente en el mar de Bohai desde el sureste hasta el noroeste y la minería del carbón ha cambiado los patrones locales de flujo de las aguas subterráneas y ha intensificado la intrusión de agua de mar.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51774194), the “Taishan Scholars Project” (tsqn201812067), the Major Basic Research Funding Project of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2018ZC0740), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QD048), and Liangjia Coal Mine of Shandong Energy Longkou Mining Group Co., Ltd. We thank the anonymous reviewers and editors for their useful comments, which have helped improve the manuscript.
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Chen, S., Liu, J., Wang, F. et al. Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater in Coastal Coal Mining Areas—A Case Study of the Liangjia Coal Mine, North China. Mine Water Environ 41, 415–427 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-022-00855-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-022-00855-w