Abstract
The management of coalbed methane (CBM) co-produced waters (hereafter refer to as produced water) has broad effects on the native plants and soils in the Qinshui Basin of China and has become a high priority over the past decade. To investigate the short-term effects of produced water on crop production and soil health, a field study was conducted in the Shizhuang Block, which is one of the most active CBM-producing areas in the Qinshui Basin. Spring maize was grown during 2015 under the following flood irrigation treatments: freshwater (as a control), and three produced water sub-treatments with electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.9 ± 0.9, 2.3 ± 0.5, and 3.4 ± 1.1 ds/m. The SAR concentration of the produced water ranged from 17.62 to 44.45 meq/L; the excessive SAR content makes the water unsuitable for direct irrigation without amendment. The pH, SAR, and constituent concentration of soil samples and crop yield were tested before planting and after harvest, while the soil moisture and plant height were measured monthly from June to October. The growth parameters indicated that salinity decreased total crop yield and individual plant height. The monitored soil indexes showed that the SAR content at a depth of 20 cm (top soil) exceeded that at 40 cm, and increased as the EC of the irrigation source increased at both depths. However, there were no obvious differences in pH or chemical composition of the soil samples, all being less than the Republic of China’s soil pollution standards. Soil moisture was determined more by the monsoon climate than by changes in the soils’ hydraulic properties.
摘要
由于煤层气田产出水的直接排放对受纳水体、土壤和植物具有潜在的环境危害,所以对煤层气田产出水的处理处置受到政府和公众的广泛关注。为了研究煤层气田产出水灌溉对农作物品质和土壤质量的短期影响,2015年在沁水盆地的柿庄区块进行了为期一年的玉米种植试验,分别以淡水(作为对照)和三个不同电导率(EC)值的煤层气田产出水(1.9±0.9,2.3±0.5和3.4±1.1ds / m)为灌溉水源。柿庄区块煤层气田产出水的钠吸附比(SAR)浓度范围为17.62至44.45meq / L,不适合直接作为灌溉水源。测试灌溉期前后土壤样品的pH,SAR和Zn、As、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn和Pb元素浓度,结果表明表层土壤(深度为20厘米)的SAR值大于深层土壤(深度为40厘米),而且与灌溉水源的电导率值正相关。但是,不同深度和灌溉水源的土壤样品中pH值或化学成分不存在明显差异,均低于中华人民共和国的土壤污染标准。6月至10月期间每月测量土壤含水率和农作物高度,最终收获后测定农作物产量。结果表明,季风气候对土壤含水量率的影响要大于对煤层气产出水灌溉对土壤水力特性的影响,产出水的高盐度降低了农作物产量和单株株高。
Zusammenfassung
Der Umgang mit im Zuge der Produktion von Flözgas (eng: coalbed methane, CBM) anfallendem Wasser (im Folgenden als „produziertes Wasser“ bezeichnet) hat weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die heimischen Pflanzen und Böden im chinesischen Qinshui-Becken und hat im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts an großer Bedeutung gewonnen. Um die kurzfristigen Auswirkungen von produziertem Wasser auf den Pflanzenanbau und die Bodenqualität zu untersuchen, wurde im Shizhuang Block, einer der aktivsten CBM-produzierenden Gegenden im Qinshui-Becken, eine Feldstudie durchgeführt. Seit 2015 wurde Frühjahrsmais unter den folgenden Bewässerungsbedingungen angepflanzt: Frischwasser (zur Kontrolle) sowie drei Untergruppen mit produziertem Wasser mit einer Leitfähigkeit von 1,9±0,9, 2,3±0,5 und 3,4±1,1 ds/m. Der Natrium-Adsorptionswert (eng. Sodium Adsorption Ratio, SAR) bewegte sich im Bereich zwischen 17,62 und 44,45 meq/L, wobei die übermäßige SAR-Konzentration das Wasser ohne Verbesserung für direkte Bewässerung unbrauchbar macht. Der pH-Wert, SAR und Stoffkonzentrationen von Bodenproben und Ernteertrag wurden vor der Aussaat und nach der Ernte untersucht. Zusätzlich erfolgte eine monatliche Messung von Bodenfeuchte und Pflanzenwuchshöhe zwischen Juni und Oktober. Die Wachstumsparameter weisen darauf hin, dass die Salinität sowohl den Ernteertrag als auch die Wuchshöhe von Einzelpflanzen verringert. Die untersuchten Bodenkennwerte zeigen, dass die SAR-Konzentration in 20 cm Bodentiefe (Oberboden) deutlich höher lag als in 40 cm und in beiden Tiefen mit ansteigender Leitfähigkeit der Bewässerung anstieg. Demgegenüber gab es keine deutlichen Unterschiede in pH-Wert oder chemischer Zusammensetzung der Bodenproben, die vollständig unterhalb der Bodengrenzwerte der Volksrepublik China liegen. Die Bodenfeuchte wurde stärker durch das Monsunklima bestimmt als durch Änderungen der hydraulischen Bodeneigenschaften.
Resumen
El manejo de aguas coproducidas con metano de capas carbonífersas (CBM) (en lo sucesivo, agua producida) tiene amplios efectos en las plantas y suelos nativos en la cuenca Qinshui de China y se ha convertido en una prioridad en la última década. Para investigar los efectos a corto plazo del agua producida en la producción de cultivos y la salud del suelo, se realizó un estudio de campo en el Bloque Shizhuang, que es una de las áreas más activas de producción de CBM en la cuenca Qinshui. El maíz de primavera se cultivó durante 2015 bajo los siguientes tratamientos de riego por inundación: agua dulce (como control) y tres subtratamientos de agua producidos con valores de conductividad eléctrica (EC) de 1,9 ± 0,9, 2,3 ± 0,5 y 3,4 ± 1,1 ds/m . La concentración SAR del agua producida varió de 17,62 a 44,45 meq/L; el contenido excesivo de SAR hace que el agua no sea apta para el riego directo sin modificaciones. El pH, SAR y la concentración de constituyentes de las muestras de suelo y el rendimiento de los cultivos se probaron antes de la siembra y después de la cosecha, mientras que la humedad del suelo y la altura de la planta se midieron mensualmente de junio a octubre. Los parámetros de crecimiento indicaron que la salinidad disminuyó el rendimiento total del cultivo y la altura de la planta individual. Los índices de suelo que se monitorearon mostraron que el contenido de SAR a una profundidad de 20 cm (suelo superior) excedía al de 40 cm y aumentaba a medida que la EC de la fuente de riego aumentaba a ambas profundidades. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias obvias en el pH o la composición química de las muestras de suelo, siendo todas ellas menores que las que indican las normas para suelo de la República de China. La humedad del suelo fue determinada más por el clima del monzón que por los cambios en las propiedades hidráulicas de los suelos.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2011ZX05060-005) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41572218).
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Li, X., Fei, B., Feng, Q. et al. Effects of Coalbed Methane Co-produced Water for Irrigation in China’s Qinshui Basin: An Experimental Field Study. Mine Water Environ 37, 263–271 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0536-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-018-0536-y