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Genetic and morphological divergence within the Sebastes pachycephalus complex (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae)

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Abstract

Genetic and morphological divergence among the four subspecies in the Sebastes pachycephalus complex (S. pachycephalus pachycephalus, S. p. nigricans, S. p. nudus and S. p. chalcogrammus) was clarified. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on AFLP clearly divided 55 specimens of the complex into two groups, the S. p. pachycephalus–S. p. nigricans group (P-Ni group) and the S. p. nudus–S. p. chalcogrammus group (Nu-C group), although three specimens occupied intermediate positions. The minimum spanning network (MSN) based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region (mtCR) failed to separate either the P-Ni and Nu-C groups or the four subspecies into distinct clades, although restricted gene flow and genetic differentiation between the former were indicated by the F ST estimation. Differences in morphological characters, including counts of pectoral fin rays and counts of dorsal fin spines lacking basal scales, were also evident between the two groups. However, little or no genetic or morphological difference was found between the two subspecies within each group. It was concluded that the P-Ni and Nu-C groups of the S. pachycephalus complex actually represent two different species, which is further supported by their sympatric distribution. Differences in dorsal body coloration and the presence or absence of brown spots on the ventral surface, which were formerly used to discriminate between four “subspecies,” may simply represent intraspecific variation. The three specimens occupying intermediate positions in the AFLP PCoA also occupied equivocal positions between the two species in the principal component analysis (PCA) based on morphometric characters, suggesting that they were hybrids between the two species. The star-shaped MSN of mtCR, which lacks distinct clades representing the two species, may be due to not only interspecific hybridization but also the sharing of ancestral haplotypes.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge those who assisted in sample collection, including K. Sakai (Noto Marine Center, Ishikawa, Japan), K. Higuchi and members of the sport-fishing team “Saltwater Brothers” (Hokkaido, Japan), K. Nozaki (Okayama Prefecture, Japan), T. Morihisa (Shimane Prefecture, Japan), K. Watanabe (Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan), H. Konishi (Osaka Prefecture, Japan), R. Doiuchi and T. Gosho (Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries), T. Sato (TOYO Giken), and anonymous sportsfishermen. We also thank M. Honda (University of the Ryukyus) for valuable discussion and G. S. Hardy (Ngunguru, New Zealand) for critical reading of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (19770063).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto, 625-0086, Japan

    Yoshiaki Kai

  2. Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Kouji Nakayama

  3. The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

    Tetsuji Nakabo

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  1. Yoshiaki Kai
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  2. Kouji Nakayama
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  3. Tetsuji Nakabo
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Correspondence to Yoshiaki Kai.

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Kai, Y., Nakayama, K. & Nakabo, T. Genetic and morphological divergence within the Sebastes pachycephalus complex (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae). Ichthyol Res 58, 333–343 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-011-0236-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-011-0236-0

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