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Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk and milk products in Ambo and Bako towns, Oromia, Ethiopia: prevalence, associated risk factors, hygienic quality, and antibiogram

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Abstract

Background

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a foodborne bacterial pathogens that can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and contaminate food of animal origin worldwide. The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and assess risk factors, hygienic quality, and antibiogram of S. aureus in raw milk and milk products of cows in Ambo and Bako towns, Ethiopia.

Results

The overall prevalence of S. aureus in milk and milk products was 15.6% (94/601) with the highest prevalence in bulk tank raw milk (17.50%) and the lowest in “Ergo” (13.11%). High S. aureus contamination at farm level were associated with poor farm hygiene, extensive management system, medium farm size, loose housing, and less frequent removal of bedding. At the cow level, a high S. aureus isolation rate was observed in crossbred cows; cows with age equal to or greater than 5 years old, tick infestation, history of mastitis treatment, and udder washing were not practiced before milking. On the other hand, the type of container, hygiene of milk handler, and container were the major risk factors for bulk tank milk contamination with S. aureus. S. aureus counts ranging from 1.25 × 104 to 1.92 × 104 CFU/mL were detected in 28.33% of the bulk tank milk samples.. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed higher resistance of S. aureus to amoxicillin (98.48%), oxacillin (98.48%), ampicillin (98.48%), cefoxitin (92.42%), and tetracycline (83.33%), with 43.94% of isolates showing multidrug resistance (MDR). The high prevalence of oxacillin and cefoxitin-resistant isolates, which is a possible indicator of the existence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), was also noted in the current study.

Conclusion

Higher prevalence of S. aureus and MDR isolates in milk and milk products was detected in study areas. Therefore, to make milk and milk products safe for human consumption, hygienic handling of milk and milk products, regular surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and prudent use of drugs are recommended.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the staff members of Ambo University, Zoonosis, and Food Safety Laboratory for their technical support in the laboratory analysis. We also thank animal owners and animal health assistants of the different districts for their cooperation during sample collection.

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Ambo University financially supported this research work. The funder had no role in the study design and collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo; University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia

    Bizunesh Mideksa Borena, Feyera Tesema Gurmessa, Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin & Edilu Jorga Sarba

  2. Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia

    Lencho Megersa Marami

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Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work including conception and study design. FT and LM collected data, and BM, EZ, and EJ supervised the data collection. FT and EZ performed the analyses and interpretation. FT, BM, and EZ drafted the manuscript. All authors read, critically reviewed, and approved the final manuscript and agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted.

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Correspondence to Bizunesh Mideksa Borena.

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This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by Ambo University’s ethical review Committee (Date 25/06/2018./Ref. No: ARCEC 010).

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Borena, B.M., Gurmessa, F.T., Gebremedhin, E.Z. et al. Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk and milk products in Ambo and Bako towns, Oromia, Ethiopia: prevalence, associated risk factors, hygienic quality, and antibiogram. Int Microbiol 26, 513–527 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-022-00317-x

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