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Progress in agricultural vulnerability and risk research in India: a systematic review

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Abstract

The agricultural situation in India has gone through several distresses occurring from both natural and socio-politico-economic stressors. Though an emphasis has been given in the country to develop and promote adaptation strategies, it requires precise, comprehensive, and generalized knowledge regarding agricultural risks and vulnerabilities. With this motive, the present study systematically reviews the current state of research on India’s agricultural risk and vulnerabilities (n = 97), its progress, and prospects over the past two decades. The review explicitly focuses on the trends, characteristics, practices, outcomes, and policy significance to broaden the potential course. Results suggest that there are significant spatial, temporal, and thematic differences in agricultural vulnerability and risk researches. Considering the exposures, most of the studies prioritize climate-induced external stressors over the internal ones. Studies are still being practiced traditionally by neglecting the nexus of various physical and socio-politico-economic attributes of agriculture. Consequently, the inherent structural drivers, such as class, caste, gender, and economic disparity, still stimulate agricultural risks and vulnerabilities. Considering the future adversities and the heterogeneity of India’s biophysical and environmental conditions along with diversified socio-politico-economic aspects, we emphasize the process-based systemic, multi-scalar, and multi-stressor agricultural vulnerability and risk research through cohesive theoretical, conceptual, and analytical approaches. Additionally, we developed a combined vulnerability and risk assessment framework, which can generally be applied to any system, including agriculture.

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Notes

  1. An entity is an existing or real thing that can be identifiable. For instance, systems, sectors, regions, nations, communities, groups, individuals etc.

  2. The subject of analysis can either be a social, economic sector, a region or the coupled human-environment system.

  3. The concept considers vulnerability as the present inability of the system to cope and/or adapt with the changing climatic scenarios, in which it is characterized by socio-ecological systems and is determined by several factors and processes (Adger 2006; O’Brien et al. 2007). In this context, vulnerability is described as the starting point of the analysis.

  4. In this concept, vulnerability is conceptualized as the net impacts of climate change (starting with projections of future scenarios and concluding with biophysical impact studies followed by the identification of adaptive options) on a specific system (which can be biophysical or social) after reasonable adaptations are taken into account (Kelly and Adger 2000; O’Brien et al. 2007). Here, vulnerability is interpreted as the end point of the analysis. The concept of outcome vulnerability focuses on future vulnerability.

  5. This is probably due to the databases used for the search. However, this is likely not representative for all existing AVRAs in the Indian context.

  6. Category totals are non-cumulative since any article may be stratified into several non-exclusive categories.

  7. National (India), State/Union Territories (West Bengal/Lakshadweep), District (Koch Bihar), Sub-division (Tufanganj), Community Development Block (Tufanganj - I), Village (Andaranfulbari West).

  8. An admixture of both the contextual and outcome vulnerability approach occurred from the need to get a complete and better scenario of vulnerability. Here, not only the concepts but also the timeframes (current and future) along with the underlying determinants are taken care of. A more details regarding this can be found in the study of Fellmann (2012) and Preston and Stafford-Smith (2009).

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Acknowledgments

Both authors are grateful to the Editor-in-Chief, the Associate Editor, and the anonymous reviewers for their critical review and constructive suggestions. Additionally, the first author expresses his sincere gratitude to Ms. Pritha Datta for her encouragement and discussion on the topic in due course.

Funding

The first author received support from the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India in the form of the Junior (Senior) Research Fellowship Award [(Award No. 3291/(SC)(NET-DEC.2015)] to pursue the research.

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  1. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

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Das, S., Goswami, K. Progress in agricultural vulnerability and risk research in India: a systematic review. Reg Environ Change 21, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01749-3

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