Abstract
We present a study about the integrated impact of adaptive management and climate change using spatially explicit tools at first time for assessing changes in forest ecosystem services in South Korea. The aims of this study were to (i) project potential changes among forest ecosystem services under various scenarios, (ii) assess the impact of forest management (Sc1, controlled; Sc2, business as usual; and Sc3, adaptive management) and climate change through comparison among them, and (iii) find insight for strategies to implementing both sustainable society and environment. For this purpose, the integrated tool was applied to analyze the changes in five ecosystem services: forest carbon storage, carbon sequestration, industrial wood production, freshwater supply, and forest recreation. The simulated results show that the ratio of these five ecosystem services of Sc3-to-Sc2 in the 2040s was estimated as 88.4%, 114.7%, 105.4%, 228.2%, and 86.5%, respectively. These results showed clear trade-offs between industrial wood production and freshwater supply on one side and forest recreation and forest carbon storage on the other side. In the case of carbon sequestration, the harvest activity might provide a negative effect in the short term, but it with a longer term perspective could be positive through reforestation activity. In addition, this study showed that future climate change until 2050 in Korea could have a generally negative influence on forest carbon sequestration but that these negative effects could be partly offset through harvest management. Therefore, the plans of the spatial distribution of management activities for the equilibrium of demand and supply in ecosystem services should be required.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen CD, Savage M, Falk DA, Suckling KF, Swetnam TW et al (2002) Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol Appl 12:1418–1433. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1418:erospp]2.0.co;2
Bennett EM, Peterson GD, Gordon LJ (2009) Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecol Lett 12:1394–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x
Bicknell JE, Struebig MJ, Edwards DP, Davies ZG (2014) Improved timber harvest techniques maintain biodiversity in tropical forests. Curr Biol 24:R1119–R1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.067
Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320:1444–1449. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121
Bugmann H, Cordonnier T, Truhetz H, Lexer MJ (2017) Impacts of business-as-usual management on ecosystem services in European mountain ranges under climate change. Reg Environ Chang 17:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1074-4
Cademus R, Escobedo FJ, McLaughlin D, Abd-Elrahman A (2014) Analyzing trade-offs, synergies, and drivers among timber production, carbon sequestration, and water yield in Pinus elliotii forests in southeastern USA. Forests 5:1409–1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5061409
Cao S, Tian T, Chen L, Dong X, Yu X, Wang G (2010) Damage caused to the environment by reforestation policies in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Ambio 39:279–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0038-z
de Jong J, Dahlberg A (2017) Impact on species of conservation interest of forest harvesting for bioenergy purposes. For Ecol Manag 383:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.016
Ellis PW, Gopalakrishna T, Goodman RC, Putz FE, Roopsind A et al (2019) Reduced-impact logging for climate change mitigation (RIL-C) can halve selective logging emissions from tropical forests. For Ecol Manag 438:255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.004
Ellison D, Morris CE, Locatelli B, Sheil D, Cohen J et al (2017) Trees, forests and water: cool insights for a hot world. Glob Environ Change 43:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002
ESRI (2015) ArcGIS version 10.5 [GIS application]. Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA
Farley KA, Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2005) Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy. Glob Change Biol 11:1565–1576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01011.x
Hörnsten L, Fredman P (2000) On the distance to recreational forests in Sweden. Landsc Urban Plan 51(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00097-9
Hudiburg T, Law B, Turner D, Campbell J, Donato D et al (2009) Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage. Ecol Appl 19:163–180. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2006.1
Ilstedt U, Bargués Tobella A, Bazié HR, Bayala J, Verbeeten E et al (2016) Intermediate tree cover can maximize groundwater recharge in the seasonally dry tropics. Sci Rep 6:21930. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21930
Jung YH, Choi HT, Yoo JY, Kim KH (2009) A study on hydrological environment depending on forest practices, research report 09-29. NIFoS. Seoul, Rep of Korea
Kallio AMI, Salminen O, Sievänen R (2013) Sequester or substitute—consequences of increased production of wood based energy on the carbon balance in Finland. J For Econ 19:402–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2013.05.001
Kim M, Lee WK, Kurz WA, Kwak DA, Morken S et al (2017a) Estimating carbon dynamics in forest carbon pools under IPCC standards in South Korea using CBM-CFS3. IForest 10:83–92. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2040-009
Kim M, Lee WK, Choi GM, Song C, Lim CH et al (2017b) Modeling stand-level mortality based on maximum stem number and seasonal temperature. For Ecol Manag 386:37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.001
Kim GS, Lim CH, Kim SJ, Lee J, Son Y et al (2017c) Effect of national-scale afforestation on forest water supply and soil loss in South Korea, 1971–2010. Sustainability 9(6):1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061017
Kim M (2018) Impacts assessment of climate change and management strategies on carbon, water and wood products in Korean forest. Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Ph.D. diss
Kim M, Kraxner F, Son Y, Jeon SW, Shvidenko A et al (2019) Quantifying impacts of national-scale afforestation on carbon budgets in South Korea from 1961 to 2014. Forests 10(7):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070579
KFS (2009) Table of tree volume/mass and yield table. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon
KFS (2015) Act on promotion and management of forest resources. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon
KFS (2017) 6th Basic forest plan. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon
KFS (2019) Statistical yearbook of forestry 2019. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon
Lindner M et al (2014) Climate change and European forests: what do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management? J Environ Manag 146:69–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.030
Nielsen AB, Olsen SB, Lundhede T (2007) An economic valuation of the recreational benefits associated with nature-based forest management practices. Landsc Urban Plan 80(1–2):63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.06.003
NIFoS (2011) The 5th national forest inventory report. National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Rep. of Korea, pp. 166
NIFoS (2014) Carbon emission factors and biomass allometric equations by species in Korea. National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Rep. of Korea, pp. 93
Norman J, Ellingson L, Boman M, Mattsson L (2010) The value of forests for outdoor recreation in southern Sweden: are broadleaved trees important? Ecol Bull 53:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-014-4773-4
Pang X, Nordström EM, Böttcher H, Trubins R, Mörtberg U (2017) Trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services under different forest management scenarios–the LEcA tool. Ecosyst Serv 28:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.006
Piao D, Kim M, Choi GM, Moon J, Yu H et al (2018) Development of an integrated DBH estimation model based on stand and climatic conditions. Forests 9:155. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030155
Ray D, Bathgate S, Moseley D, Taylor P, Nicoll B et al (2015) Comparing the provision of ecosystem services in plantation forests under alternative climate change adaptation management options in Wales. Reg Environ Chang 15(8):1501–1513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0644-6
Rodriguez JP, Beard TD Jr, Bennett EM, Cumming GS, Cork SJ et al (2006) Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecol Soc 11(1):28. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-01667-110128
Seidl R et al (2017) Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat Clim Chang 7:395–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
Sullivan TP, Sullivan DS, Lindgren PM, Ransome DB, Bull JG et al (2011) Bioenergy or biodiversity? Woody debris structures and maintenance of red-backed voles on clearcuts. Biomass Bioenergy 35(10):4390–4398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.08.013
Tian D, Yan W, Chen X, Deng X, Peng Y et al (2008) Variation in runoff with age of Chinese fir plantations in Central South China. Hydrol Process 22(25):4870–4876. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7105
Tilman D (2000) Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 405:208–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012217
Vicente-Vicente JL, Fuss S, Song C, Lee J, Kim M et al (2019) A holistic view of soils in delivering ecosystem services in forests: a case study in South Korea. Forests 10(6):487. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060487
Vitasse Y, Bresson CC, Kremer A, Michalet R, Delzon S (2010) Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species. Funct Ecol 24(6):1211–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x
Zandersen M, Tol RS (2009) A meta-analysis of forest recreation values in Europe. J For Econ 15(1–2):109–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2008.03.006
Funding
This research is supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment under the “Climate Change Correspondence Program (Project Number: 2014001310008)”. This work was also supported under the framework of international cooperation program managed by the National Research Foundation of Korea (Project No. 2019K2A9A1A02094860).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Wolfgang Cramer
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(DOCX 7.52 mb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, M., Kraxner, F., Forsell, N. et al. Enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services in South Korea under climate change: The benefits and pitfalls of current forest management strategies. Reg Environ Change 21, 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01728-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01728-0