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Kreislauf- und Volumentherapie beim Kind

Volume resuscitation in paediatric patients

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Zusammenfassung

Volumenmangelzustände beim Kind sind ein im Rettungsdienst häufig anzutreffendes Problem. Nicht nur gastrointestinale Erkrankungen und Fieber, selbst respiratorische Probleme und Schmerzzustände können indirekt beim pädiatrischen Patienten aufgrund ihres hohen Flüssigkeitsumsatzes rasch zu einer relevanten Dehydratation führen.

Die größte Gefahr für das Kind stellt das Übersehen eines kompensierten Schockzustandes dar! Aufgrund ausgeprägter Kompensationsmechanismen können Bewusstsein und altersentsprechender Blutdruck oft bis unmittelbar präfinal erhalten sein. Neben einem maximalen Sauerstoffangebot, steht die Restitution des intravasalen Volumens im Vordergrund. Wenn kein peripherer venöser Zugang innerhalb eines sinnvollen Zeitraums angelegt werden kann, soll umgehend ein intraossärer Zugang geschaffen werden. Die initiale Volumentherapie erfolgt gegenwärtig mit isotoner kristalloider Lösung. In der akuten Phase werden solange repetitive Volumenboli (je 20 ml/kg Körpergewicht in 5–20 min) gegeben, bis sich der klinische Zustand des Kindes bessert.

Besondere Situationen, wie Elektrolytentgleisungen, spezielle Formen der Sepsis oder thermische Verletzungen bedürfen unter Umständen eines differenzierten Vorgehens mit Konsultation entsprechender Experten.

Abstract

Volume depletion in children is a common finding in emergency medical service situations. Not only intestinal diseases and fever but also respiratory problems and pain can result in a relevant dehydration in paediatric patients due to their high water requirements.

Children are endangered most by under diagnosing a compensated shock state. Compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain consciousness and normal systolic blood pressure until cardiopulmonary failure and arrest. High flow oxygen delivery and immediate fluid resuscitation are paramount. If a peripheral venous access cannot be established within a limited time, intraosseous infusion is mandatory. Isotonic crystalloid solutions are currently still the preferred initial fluids for volume replacement in children. Initial treatment is based on repetitive volume boluses of 20 ml/kg body weight over 5 to 20 min until clinical signs start to improve.

Special clinical conditions, such as metabolic derangements, sepsis or burns may require a differentiated approach and subspecialty consultation.

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Neuhaus, D. Kreislauf- und Volumentherapie beim Kind. Notfall Rettungsmed 12, 583–589 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-009-1199-9

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