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Arsenic distribution along different hydrogeomorphic zones in parts of the Brahmaputra River Valley, Assam (India)

Distribution de l’arsenic le long de différentes zones hydromorphologiques de la vallée de la rivière Brahmapoutre, Assam (Inde)

Distribución de arsénico a lo largo de diferentes zonas hidrogeomórficas en partes del valle del río Brahmaputra, Assam (India)

(印度) 阿萨姆邦Brahmaputra河谷部分地区沿不同水文地貌带的砷分布

Distribuição de arsênico ao longo de diferentes zonas hidrogeomórficas em partes do Vale do Rio Brahmaputra, Assam (Índia)

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Abstract

The spatial distribution of arsenic (As) concentrations along three classified hydrogeomorphological zones in the Brahmaputra River Valley in Assam (India) have been investigated: zone I, comprising the piedmont and alluvial fans; zone II, comprising the runoff areas; and zone III, comprising the discharge zones. Groundwater (150 samples) from shallow hand-pumped and public water supply wells (2–60 m in depth) was analysed for chemical composition to examine the geochemical processes controlling As mobilization. As concentrations up to 0.134 mg/L were recorded, with concentrations below the World Health Organization and the Bureau of Indian Standards drinking-water limits of 0.01 mg/L being found mainly in the proximal recharge areas. Eh and other redox indicators (i.e., dissolved oxygen, Fe, Mn and As) indicate that, except for samples taken in the recharge zone, groundwater is reducing and exhibits a systematic decrease in redox conditions along the runoff and discharge zones. Hydrogeochemical evaluation indicated that zone I, located along the proximal recharge areas, is characterized by low As concentration, while zones II and III are areas with high and moderate concentrations, respectively. Systematic changes in As concentrations along the three zones support the view that areas of active recharge with high hydraulic gradient are potential areas hosting low-As aquifers.

Résumé

La distribution spatiale des concentrations en arsenic (As) le long de trois zones hydromorphologiques classées dans la vallée de la rivière Brahmapoutre (Inde) a été étudiée: zone I, comprenant le piedmont et les cônes alluviaux; zone II, comprenant les aires de ruissellement et zone III, comprenant les zones de décharges. Les eaux souterraines (150 échantillons) de puits peu profonds et utilisés pour l’alimentation en eau potable (2–60 m de profondeur) ont été analysées du point de vue de leur composition chimique afin d’étudier les processus géochimiques contrôlant la mobilization de l’As. Des concentrations en As jusqu’à 0.134 mg/L ont été enregistrées, avec des concentrations en dessous des standards de l’organization mondiale de la santé (OMS) et du bureau Indien des standards pour les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine de 0.01 mg/L ont été trouvées principalement dans les zones proximales de recharge. L’Eh et autres indicateurs de conditions réductrices (comme l’oxygène dissous, Fe, Mn et As) montrent que, à l’exception des échantillons de la zone de recharge, les eaux souterraines sont réductrices et présentent une diminution systématique des conditions rédox le long des zones de ruissellement et de décharge. L’évaluation hydrogéochimique indique que la zone I, localisée le long des aires de recharge, est. caractérisée par de faibles concentrations en As, alors que les zones II et III sont des secteurs respectivement de fortes et moyennes concentrations. Les changements systématiques de concentrations en As le long des trois zones confirment l’idée que les aires de recharge active avec de forts gradients hydrauliques sont des secteurs potentiellement aquifères avec de faibles concentrations en As.

Resumen

Se investigó la distribución espacial de las concentraciones de arsénico (As) a lo largo de tres zonas hidrogeomorfológicas clasificadas en el valle del río Brahmaputra en Assam (India): la zona I, que comprende el piemonte y los abanicos aluviales; la zona II, que comprende las áreas de escorrentía; y la zona III, que comprende las zonas de descarga. Se analizó la composición química del agua subterránea (150 muestras) procedentes de pozos poco profundos de bombeo manual y de agua pública (2–60 m de profundidad) para examinar los procesos geoquímicos que controlan la movilización del As. Se registraron concentraciones de As de hasta 0.134 mg/L, encontrándose concentraciones por debajo de los límites de 0.01 mg/L para agua potable de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Oficina de Normas de la India, principalmente en las áreas de recarga proximal. Eh y otros indicadores redox (es decir, oxígeno disuelto, Fe, Mn y As) indican que, excepto en las muestras tomadas en la zona de recarga, el agua subterránea se está reduciendo y muestra una disminución sistemática de las condiciones redox a lo largo de las zonas de escorrentía y descarga. La evaluación hidrogeoquímica indicó que la Zona I, localizada a lo largo de las áreas de recarga proximal, se caracteriza por una baja concentración de As, mientras que las Zonas II y III son áreas con concentraciones altas y moderadas, respectivamente. Los cambios sistemáticos en las concentraciones de As a lo largo de las tres zonas apoyan la opinión de que las áreas de recarga activa con alto gradiente hidráulico son áreas potenciales que albergan a acuíferos de bajo contenido de As.

摘要

调查了(印度)阿萨姆邦Brahmaputra河谷沿三个类别的水文地貌带砷含量的空间分布:I带,包含山前地带和冲积扇;II带,包含径流区;III带,包含排泄带。分析了浅层手泵井和公共供水井(深度2–60 米)中的地下水(150个水样)的化学组分,以调查控制砷活动化的地球化学过程。记录到砷含量达到0.134 mg/L,低于世界卫生组织和印度标准饮用水标准0.01 mg/L的含量主要位于临近的补给区。Eh 和其它氧化还原反应指标(也就是溶解氧、Fe、 Mn和 As)表明,除了补给区的所采的水样,地下水减少,显示沿径流区和排泄区氧化还原反应条件系统性减少。水文化学评估结果表明,位于沿临近补给区的I带的特征是砷含量低,而II带和III带所处的地区砷含量分别为高和中等。沿三个带的砷含量系统变化支持这种观点,即具有很大水力梯度的活跃补给区是主导低砷含水层的潜力区。.

Resumo

A distribuição espacial das concentrações de arsênico (As) ao longo de três zonas hidrogeomorfológicas no Vale do Rio Brahmaputra, em Assam (Índia) foram investigadas: Zona I, compreendendo o piedmont e leques aluviais; Zona II, compreendendo as áreas de escoamento superficial; e Zona III, compreendendo as zonas de descarga. Águas subterrâneas (150 amostras) de poços rasos bombeados manualmente e de abastecimento públicos (2–60 m de profundidade) foram coletadas e suas composições químicas analisadas, a fim de examinar os processos geoquímicos que controlam a mobilidade do As. Concentrações de As de até 0.134 mg/L foram registradas, apresentando concentrações abaixo dos permitido para água potável pela padronização da Organização Mundial da Saúde “Bureau of Indian Standards”, que apresenta limite de 0.01 mg/L, sendo encontrado principalmente próximo as áreas de recarga. Eh e outros indicadores redox (oxigênio dissolvido, Fe, Mn e As) indicam que, exceto as amostras coletadas na zona de recarga, as amostras de água subterrânea apresentam diminuição sistemática das condições redox ao longo do escoamento superficial e das zonas de descarga. A evolução hidrogeoquímica indica que a Zona I, localizada ao longo das áreas de recarga próximas, é caracterizada pelas baixas concentrações de As, enquanto que as Zonas II e III apresentam concentrações altas à moderadas, respectivamente. Mudanças sistemáticas nas concentrações de As ao longo das três zonas indicam que, áreas ativas de recarga com alto gradiente hidráulico são áreas potenciais para hospedar aquíferos com baixas concentrações de As.

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Acknowledgements

RC acknowledges the institute research fellowship from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati for conducting research. The author acknowledges support of IIT Kharagpur for analyses of groundwater samples.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India

    Runti Choudhury & Chandan Mahanta

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India

    Swati Verma & Abhijit Mukherjee

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  1. Runti Choudhury
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  2. Chandan Mahanta
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Choudhury, R., Mahanta, C., Verma, S. et al. Arsenic distribution along different hydrogeomorphic zones in parts of the Brahmaputra River Valley, Assam (India). Hydrogeol J 25, 1153–1163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1584-2

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