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Insights into palaeorecharge conditions for European deep aquifers

Aperçu des conditions de paléorecharge des aquifères profonds en Europe

Comprensión de las condiciones de paleorecarga de los acuíferos profundos europeos

对欧洲深部含水层古地下水补给条件的认识

Observações sobre condições de paleorecarga em aquíferos europeus profundos

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Abstract

Climatic instability during the late Pleistocene has been reflected in the pattern of groundwater recharge. This report summarizes palaeoclimate knowledge during the late Weichselian in Europe. During this period the majority of northern Europe was covered by thick ice sheets and permafrost, preventing aquifers from recharging. In contrast, southern Europe was generally free of these palaeoclimatic features. Palaeoclimatic information has been combined with isotope data to better understand the palaeorecharge conditions and recharge timing across the European continent. The 18O and 2H relationship shows latitudinal plus climatic influences. Radiocarbon data show that while southern European aquifers have generally been recharged continuously during the last 40,000 years, northern European aquifers typically show a recharge gap during the Last Glacial Maximum. Areas that underwent continuous recharge during the entire late Pleistocene period can also be distinguished from areas where recharge to aquifers was prevented during the Last Glacial Maximum. Finally, several examples are presented of melt-water recharge or subglacial recharge. The identification of such diversity in the groundwater palaeorecharge in Europe is of great importance for modellers developing management schemes for groundwater resources.

Résumé

Les instabilités climatiques de la fin du Pléistocène sont reflétées par les modalités de recharge des eaux souterraines. Cet article résume les connaissances paléo climatiques durant la fin du Weichsélien en Europe. Lors de cette période, la majorité de l’Europe du Nord était recouverte par d’épaisses calottes de glace et du permafrost, empêchant la recharge des aquifères. A l’opposé, l’Europe du Sud n’était, de façon générale, pas affectée par ces caractéristiques. Les informations paléo climatiques ont été combinées avec les données isotopiques pour mieux comprendre les conditions de paléo recharge et leur phasage dans le temps à travers le continent européen. La relation entre l’18O et le 2H montre des influences latitudinales et climatiques. Les données radiocarbone montrent que tandis que les aquifères du sud de l’Europe ont été rechargés continuellement durant les 40 derniers millénaires, les aquifères de l’Europe du Nord montrent typiquement une lacune d’alimentation durant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire. Les zones qui ont bénéficié d’une recharge continue durant la totalité de la fin du Pléistocène peuvent aussi être distinguées des zones ou la recharge a été empêchée durant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire. Enfin, plusieurs exemples de recharge périglaciaire ou par fonte glaciaire sont présentés. L’identification d’une telle diversité dans les paléo recharges des eaux souterraines en Europe est d’une importance majeure pour les modélisateurs développant des plans de gestion des ressources en eau.

Resumen

La inestabilidad climática durante el Pleistoceno tardío ha sido reflejada en el esquema de la recarga del agua subterránea. Este trabajo resume el conocimiento paleoclimático durante el Weichselian tardío en Europa. Durante este período la mayor parte del norte de Europa fue cubierta por gruesas capas de hielo y permafrost, impidiendo la recarga de los acuíferos. En contraste, Europa del sur estuvo generalmente libre de estas características paleoclimáticas. La información paleoclimática ha sido combinada con datos isotópicos para entender mejor las condiciones de paleorecarga y el tiempo de recarga a través del continente europeo. La relación entre 18O y 2H muestra influencias latitudinales y climáticas. Los datos radiocarbónicos muestran que mientras los acuíferos del sur europeo han sido generalmente bien recargados continuamente durante los últimos 40,000 años, los acuíferos del norte europeo muestran típicamente una interrupción de la recarga durante el último máximo glacial. Las áreas que experimentaron una recarga continua durante el período Pleistoceno tardío también pueden ser distinguidos de aquellas áreas donde la recarga al acuífero fue impedida durante el último máximo glacial. Finalmente, se presentan varios ejemplos de recarga de agua de derretemiento o recarga subglacial. La identificación de tal diversidad en la paleorecarga del agua subterránea en Europa es de gran importancia para los modeladores que desarrollan esquemas de manejo para recursos de agua subterránea.

摘要

地下水的补给模式反映了晚更新世时期气候的波动性。本文概括了欧洲晚Weichselian时期古气候信息。在此期间,欧洲北部绝大部分地区被厚层的冰盖和冻土覆盖,阻碍了含水层接受补给。与此相反的是, 欧洲南部基本没有这样的古气候特征。通过联合利用古气候信息和同位素数据, 有助于我们更好的理解欧洲地区的古补给条件和补给时间。18 O和2 H的关系表明存在纬度和气候影响。放射性碳数据表明欧洲南部的含水层在过去4万多年内持续接受补给,而欧洲北部则表现为在末次盛冰期时期内存在补给空白。在整个晚更新世时期内接受持续补给的地区也能够同受末次盛冰期影响而没有得到补给的地区区分开。最后, 文章给出了一些融水补给或冰川下补给的例子。欧洲这类多样化的地下水古补给的确定对以开发地下水资源管理为目标的模型制作者来说是非常重要的。

Resumo

A instabilidade climática durante o Plistocénico tardio refletiu-se no padrão de recarga da água subterrânea. Este artigo sumariza o conhecimento sobre o paleoclima durante o período Weichselian tardio na Europa. Durante esse período, a maior parte do norte da Europa esteve coberta por uma espessa camada de gelo e por permafrost, o que impediu a recarga dos aquíferos. Pelo contrário, o sul da Europa esteve, em geral, livre dessas condições paleoclimáticas. A informação disponível sobre o paleoclima foi combinada com dados isotópicos, visando uma melhor compreensão das condições da paleorecarga e quais os períodos de recarga no continente europeu. A relação entre o 18O e o 2H mostra relações positivas de influência com a latitude. Dados sobre o radiocarbono mostram que, enquanto no sul da Europa, os aquíferos, em geral, se recarregaram continuamente durante os últimos 40,000 anos, os aquíferos do norte da Europa revelam tipicamente um período de ausência de recarga durante o último período de máxima glaciação. Distinguem-se áreas que beneficiaram de recarga contínua durante todo o período do Plistocénico tardio, das que não beneficiaram de recarga no último período de máxima glaciação. Por último, apresentam-se diversos exemplos de recargas originadas pelo degelo ou de origem subglaciar. Para os modeladores que desenvolvem cenários de gestão de recursos hídricos subterrâneos, a identificação de tal diversidade de paleorecargas na Europa pode ser de grande importância.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic for supporting this study. The work was supported by the French Embassy in Prague and co-funded by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (GACR 205/07/0691) and the Specific University Research project (SVV 261 203). We would like to particularly thank both reviewers, J. McIntosh and W. M. Edmunds, for their valuable remarks which helped to improve the scientific and stylistic quality of the report. The authors would like to thank A. Harris for English language revision.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences de la Terre et de la Mer, B18, avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France

    Hana Jiráková, Frédéric Huneau & Philippe Le Coustumer

  2. EA 4592 Géoressources & Environnement, Institut EGID, 1 allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France

    Hana Jiráková, Frédéric Huneau & Philippe Le Coustumer

  3. Charles University, Institute of Hydrogeology Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Hana Jiráková & Zbynek Hrkal

  4. Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, BP 10448, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Hélène Celle-Jeanton

  5. CNRS, UMR 6524, LMV, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Hélène Celle-Jeanton

  6. IRD, R 163, LMV, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Hélène Celle-Jeanton

  7. Water Research Institute TGM, Podbabská 30, 16062, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Zbynek Hrkal

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Correspondence to Frédéric Huneau.

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Jiráková, H., Huneau, F., Celle-Jeanton, H. et al. Insights into palaeorecharge conditions for European deep aquifers. Hydrogeol J 19, 1545–1562 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0765-7

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