Skip to main content
Log in

Overview of the geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt

  • Report
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although, the Eastern Desert of Egypt forms about 22% of the surface area of the country, the area is undeveloped due to the limited availability of water. The morphologic units of the Eastern Desert consist of a number of drainage basins covering about 147,820 km2 (66.5% of the total surface area of the Eastern Desert). The basins drain the occasional rainwater, either towards the Nile Valley or to the Red Sea, causing flood hazards. The availability of water from the hydrologic systems of these basins could be improved by constructing runoff controlling systems in these areas (e.g. dykes and partially effective dams), which could save and make use of a considerable amount of water. The groundwater resources in the Eastern Desert can be divided into four main water-bearing units: the fractured crystalline Pre-Cambrian aquifer, the Nubian sandstone aquifer, the fractured limestone and sandstone aquifer and the Quaternary aquifer. The most productive aquifer is the Nubian sandstone while the fractured limestone and sandstone (Miocene) are only productive along the eastern part of the desert. The Quaternary aquifer occurs along the major dry washes (wadis) and is considered of limited potential as it is recharged mainly from the occasional rainfall. Detailed assessment of these aquifers should be carried out locally for further development of the area.

Résumé

Bien que le Désert Est occupe 22% de la surface de l’Egypte, la région est sousdeveloppée à cause de la ressource en eau limitée. Les unités morphologiques consistent en des bassins drainant qui couvrent une surface de 147,820 km2 ,représentant 66.6% de la surface du Désert Est. Les bassins drainent les plues intermittentes vers la vallée du Nil ou vers la Mer Rouge en provocant des inondations. On peut augmenter la ressource en eau dans cette région en réalisant des systèmes de contrôle de ruissellements (des digues...) qui peuvent sauver et utiliser un volume considérable d’eau. La ressource en eau souterraine du Désert Est est cantonnée dans quatre grandes structures: l› aquifère fracturé cristallin Précambrien, l› aquifère gréseux Nubien, l› aquifère calcaire et gréseux et l› aquifère quaternaire. Le plus productif est l› aquifère gréseux Nubien tendis que les calcaire et les grèses d’age miocène sont productives seulement dans la partie est du désert. L› aquifère quaternaire se trouve au long des oueds sèches et on considéré qu’il a un potentiel limité, étant rechargé seulement par les plues intermittentes. Pour le futur développement de la région il est nécessaire une évaluation détaillée, à l’échelle locale de ces aquifères.

Resumen

Aunque el Desierto Oriental de Egipto constituye alrededor del 22% de la superficie del país, esta área no se encuentra desarrollada por causa de la escasez de agua. Las unidades morfológicas del Desierto Oriental consisten de un número de cuencas de drenaje que cubren alrededor de 147,820 km2 (66.5% del área superficial total del Desierto Oriental). Estas cuencas drenan las aguas lluvias ocasionales, bien hacia el Valle del Nilo o hacia el Mar Rojo, causando amenazas de inundación. La disponibilidad de agua a partir de los sistemas hidrológicos de estas cuencas, puede ser mejorada al construir sistemas de control de escorrentía allí (Ej. Diques y presas de efectividad parcial), las cuales podrían almacenar y permitir el uso de una cantidad considerable de agua. Los recursos de agua subterránea en el Desierto Oriental, pueden dividirse en cuatro unidades principales portadoras de agua: El acuífero fracturado cristalino Pre – Cámbrico, el acuífero de la Arenisca de Nubia, el acuífero de arenisca y caliza fracturadas y el acuífero Cuaternario. El acuífero más productivo es la arenisca de Nubia, mientras que la arenisca y caliza fracturadas (Mioceno), son productivas únicamente a lo largo de la parte oriental del desierto. El acuífero Cuaternario se encuentra a lo largo de las corrientes intermitentes mayores (Wadis) y se le considera de potencial limitado por ser recargado principalmente a partir de lluvia ocasional. Una evaluación detallada de estos acuíferos debe llevarse a cabo localmente, para el desarrollo adicional de esta área.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abu Zaid M, Fahmy H (1995) Water for the development of Egypt in the 21st Century. In: Proc. the annual meeting of the National Water Research Center, Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources, Cairo, pp 50–70

  • Aggour TA, Sadek MA (2001) The recharge mechanism of some cases of the different groundwater aquifers, eastern Desert, Egypt. Bull Fac Sci Mansoura University 28(1):43–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr DP, Khafagi AA (1981) A hydrogeological evaluation of the environs of Lake Nasser. WMP technical report no. 18 Ministry of Irrigation. Cairo

  • Diab MSh, Risk SZ (1992). Management of groundwater resources in Egypt. Geology of the Arab World Conf, Cairo pp 147 – 157

  • El Belasy IM (1994) Quaternary geology of some selected drainage basins in Upper Egypt (Qena- Edfu area). PhD, Cairo University, Egypt.

  • El Ghazawi A, Abdel Baki A (1991) Groundwater in Wadi Asel Basin, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Bull of Meneufia Uni V:25–44

    Google Scholar 

  • El Ramly IM (1972) Final report on geomorphology, hydrology planning for groundwater resources and reclamation in lake Nasser region and its environs. Cen And Des Inst, Cairo 603 pp

  • El Shamy IZ (1992) Recent recharge and flash flooding opportunities in the Eastern Desert, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt. XVIII:323–334

  • El Shazly (1977) The geology of the Egyptian region. In A.E. Nairm W.H. Kanes & F.G. Stehli (eds.), the ocean basins and margins. Plenum Press 4 A pp. 379–444

  • Gomaa M A, Aggour TA (1999) Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical conditions of carbonate aquifers in the Gulf of Suez region. Assiut Sci Bul Vol. 28., No. 2 pp 191–214

  • Hvidt M (1999) Water Resources planning in Egypt. The Middle Eastern Environment. Published by St. Malo press ISBN 1 898565 03 1

  • Issawi B (1983) Ancient rivers of the Eastern Egyptian Desert. Episodes, 2:3–6

  • Issawi B, McCauly JF (1993) The Cenozoic landscape of Egypt and its river systems. Ann Geol Surv Egypt XIX:357–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khafagi and Sabir (1981) Groundwater. WMP, Ministry of Irrigation. Technical report 4 UNDP- EGY/73/025 150 p.

  • Khalil G, Hassan TM (1997) Hydrogeological aspcts of Karstified aquifer and its enviromntal impacts in Eastern Desert, Egypt. In: (ed. Gunay G. amd Johnson I.A) Proc.5th International symposium and field seminar on Karst waters and Enviomenatl Impacts. Antalya, Turkey, 10–20 Sep. :59–66.

  • Pirad F (1981) Red Sea Regional Plan, final report assessment of water resources. A.r.E. ministry of Development and New communities. 205 pp

  • RIGW (1988) Hydrogeological map of Egypt. scale 1, 2000,000. User guide, Ministry of Irrigation, Cairo, Egypt

  • Said R (1962) The Geology of Egypt. Elesvier Publication, Amsterdam.

  • Said R (1990) The Geology of Egypt. A.A. Balkema /Rotterdam/Brookfield, 734 pp

  • Salim AS (1986) Inter-relation between the High Dam Reservoir and the groundwater in its vicinity. PhD Dissert Fac Sci Aswan. Assuit University, Egypt.

  • Sallouma KM (1996) Evaluation of groundwater in the northern sector of the Red Sea coastal area for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. El-Minia Science Bulletin 9.2:54–69

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. A. Abdel Moneim.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abdel Moneim, A.A. Overview of the geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Hydrogeol J 13, 416–425 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0364-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0364-y

Keywords

Navigation