Skip to main content
Log in

Characterization of salt-water intrusion in the lower Esino Valley, Italy using a three-dimensional numerical model

Caractérisation d’une intrusion saline dans la basse vallée de l’Esino, Italie, à l’aide d’un modèle numérique en trios dimensions

Caracterización de la intrusión de agua salada en el Valle Esino inferior, Italia, usando un modelo numérico tridimensional

利用三维数值模型描述意大利Esino流域下游的海水入侵

Caratterizzazione dell’intrusione salina nella bassa valle dell’Esino, Italia, attraverso un modello numerico tridimensionale

Caracterização da intrusão salina na parte inferior do Vale de Esino, Itália, utilizando um modelo numérico tridimensional

  • Report
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A seawater-intrusion study was conducted at an oil-refinery site located on the coast in the lower Esino Valley, Italy. A steady-state density-dependent flow model was used in order to understand the position of the freshwater/salt-water interface, as influenced by the hydrogeologic structure and the presence of industrial activities and a river. Collected data and model results showed that in a large part of the area, the salt-water interface is steep and can penetrate only a few meters inland. On the other hand, close to the river mouth, seawater represents the main saline source for the aquifer. The river, in connection with the sea, can enhance seawater encroachment into the coastal aquifer; a long-term survey of river level and chloride concentrations in groundwater is recommended to further improve the physical model and to obtain a better calibration. At the refinery site, two “secondary” sources of saline water were identified and were demonstrated to have had a great influence on the presence of brackish waters in the unconfined aquifer: leakage from the fire-extinguishing system (network of pipes containing seawater) and rough sea events. This confirmed that groundwater contamination by chloride can result from means other than seawater intrusion.

Résumé

Une etude de l’intrusion saline a été conduite sur le site d’une raffinerie de pétrole situé sur la cote, dans la basse vallée de l’Esino, en Italie. Un modèle d’écoulement en régime permanent avec prise en compte de la densité a été utilisé de manière à comprendre la position de l’interface eau douce - eau salée, sous l’influence de la structure hydrogéologique, de la présence d’activité industrielle et de la rivière. Les données collectées et les résultats montre que sur une large partie du secteur, l’interface eau-douce - eau salée est abrupte et ne peut pénétrer seulement que de quelques mètres vers l’interieur des terres. En revanche, à proximité de l’embouchure de la rivière, l’eau de mer représente la source principale de l’eau salée de l’aquifère. La rivière, en connexion avec la mer, peut augmenter l’invasion saline dans l’aquifère cotier. Il est recommandé de suivre sur le long terme les niveaux de la rivière et des concentration en chlorures dans l’eau souterraine, pour améliorer le modèle physique et obtenir un meilleur calage. Sur le site de la raffinerie, deux sources « secondaires » d’eau salée ont été identifiées et il a été démontré qu’elles ont eue une grande influence sur la présence d’eau saumâtre dans l’aquifère libre. Il s’agit de fuites du système incendie (un réseau de conduites contenant de l’eau de mer) et d’épisodes de mer agitée. Cela confirme que la contamination de l’eau souterraine par les chlorures peut avoir d’autres origines que celle de l’intrusion saline.

Resumen

Un estudio de intrusión de agua de mar fue realizado en una refinería de petróleo localizada en la costa en el Valle Esino inferior, Italia. Se utilizó un modelo de flujo en estado estacionario dependiente de la densidad con el objeto de para comprender la posición de la interfase agua dulce - agua salada, influenciada por la estructura hidrogeológica y la presencia de actividades industriales y un río. Los datos recogidos y los resultados del modelo mostraron que en una gran parte del área, la interfase agua salada es empinada y puede penetrar sólo unos pocos metros hacia el interior. Por otra parte, cerca de la desembocadura del río, el agua de mar representa la principal fuente salina para el acuífero. El río, en conexión con el mar, puede favorecen la contaminación de agua de mar en el acuífero costero; se recomienda un monitoreo a largo plazo del nivel del río y de las concentraciones de cloruro en el agua subterránea para una mejora ulterior del modelo físico y obtener una mejor calibración. En el sitio de la refinería se identificaron dos fuentes “secundarias” de agua salina y se demostró que han tenido una gran influencia en la presencia de aguas salobres en el acuífero no confinado: las pérdidas desde el sistema de extinción del fuego (red de tuberías que contienen agua de mar) y episodios marítimos de tormenta. Esto confirmó que la contaminación del agua subterránea por cloruro puede provenir de otras causas que la intrusión de agua de mar.

摘要

我们对位于意大利Esino流域下游海岸的一个炼油厂场地进行了一项海水入侵研究。应用依赖密度的稳定流模型确定受水文地质结构、工业活动和河流的影响的咸-淡水界面的位置。收集的数据和模型结果表明, 大部分区域的咸-淡水界面是陡倾角的, 只能到达陆地方向几米远。另一方面, 在靠近河口处, 海水是含水层主要盐分来源。河流与海洋相连能增强海水渗入沿岸含水层的能力 ; 河流水位和地下水氯化物浓度的长期监测将可进一步完善该物理模型并使之得到更好的校正。我们识别出炼油厂咸水的两个次生来源, 即 : 灭火系统 (含海水的管道网络) 的渗漏和涌强浪事件。它们已经对潜水含水层的微咸水产生巨大的影响。由此证实, 除了海水入侵之外, 其它途径也能引起地下水氯化物污染。

Riassunto

Nei pressi di una raffineria situata nella bassa valle dell’Esino, Italia, è stato condotto, mediante l’utilizzo di un modello di flusso densità-dipendente stazionario, uno studio sul fenomeno dell’intrusione salina allo scopo d’individuare l’influenza della struttura idrogeologica, del fiume e della presenza delle attività industriali sulla posizione dell’interfaccia acqua dolce-acqua salata. I dati raccolti e i risultati del modello hanno mostrato che mentre nella maggior parte dell’area indagata l’interfaccia tra acqua dolce e acqua salata si presenta abbastanza verticale e penetra nell’entroterra solo poche decine di metri, in prossimità della foce del fiume il mare risulta essere la principale sorgente di salinità nell’acquifero. Il fiume, in funzione degli scambi idrici con il mare e il sistema idrico sotterraneo, può favorire l’avanzamento dell’acqua salata all’interno dell’acquifero; pertanto una campagna di lungo periodo di misure del livello idrico del fiume e della concentrazione dei cloruri in falda è risultata essere necessaria per migliorare ulteriormente il modello fisico ed ottenere conseguentemente una migliore calibrazione. Nel sito della raffineria sono state identificate anche due sorgenti “secondarie” di acqua salata che, è stato dimostrato, svolgono un importante ruolo sulla presenza di acqua salmastra nell’acquifero libero: le perdite della rete antincendio (sistema che contiene acqua di mare) e gli eventi di mareggiata. Questo ha confermato che la contaminazione delle acque sotterranee da parte dei cloruri può essere determinata anche da cause differenti dall’intrusione salina.

Resumo

Foi efectuado um estudo sobre intrusão marinha no local de uma refinaria de petróleo situada na costa italiana, na parte inferior do Vale de Esino. Utilizou-se um modelo de escoamento dependente da densidade, em regime permanente, a fim de se perceber a posição da interface água doce-água salgada, influenciada pela estrutura hidrogeológica, pela presença de actividades industriais e de um rio. Os dados compilados e os resultados do modelo mostraram que, numa grande parte da área, a cunha salina é muito inclinada e apenas pode penetrar poucos metros para o continente. Por outro lado, perto da foz do rio, o mar representa a principal fonte de água salgada para o aquífero. O rio, em ligação com o mar, pode reforçar o avanço da água do mar para dentro do aquífero costeiro; recomenda-se uma monitorização a longo prazo do nível do rio e das concentrações de cloreto na água subterrânea, para melhorar o modelo físico e obter uma melhor calibração. No local da refinaria foram identificadas duas fontes “secundárias” de água salgada, que demonstraram ter tido uma grande influência na presença de águas salobras no aquífero freático: fugas no sistema de extinção de incêndios (rede de condutas com água salgada) e episódios de mar tempestuoso. Confirmou-se deste modo que a contaminação das águas subterrâneas por cloretos pode ter outras origens que não a intrusão marinha.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acworth RI, Dasey GR (2003) Mapping of the hyporheic zone around a tidal creek using a combination of borehole logging, borehole electrical tomography and cross-creek electrical imaging, New South Wale, Australia. Hydrogeol J 11:368–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acworth RI, Hughes CE, Turner IL (2007) A radioisotope tracer investigation to determine the direction of groundwater movement adjacent to a tidal creek during spring and neap tides. Hydrogeol J 15:281–296. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0085-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ataie-Ashtiani B, Volker RE, Lockington DA (1999) Tidal effects on sea water intrusion in unconfined aquifers. J Hydrol 216:17–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow PM (2003) Ground water in fresh water-salt water environments of the Atlantic Coast. US Geol Surv Circ 1262

  • Bear J, Cheng AHD, Sorek S, Quazar D, Hervera I (1999) Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers-concepts, methods and practices. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudreau BB, Jorgensen BB (eds) (2001) The Benthic boundary layer: transport processes and biogeochemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement TP, Wise WR, Molz FJ, Wen M (1996) A comparison of modelling approaches for steady-state unconfined flow. J Hydrol 181:189–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltorti M, Nanni T (1987) La bassa valle del fiume Esino: geomorfologia, idrogeologia e neotettonica [The lower Esino valley: geomorphology, hydrogeology and neotectonics]. Boll Soc Geol Ital 106:35–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper HH (1959) A hypothesis concerning the dynamic balance of fresh water and salt water in a coastal aquifer. J Geophys Res 64:461–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deiana G, Pialli G (1994) The structural provinces of the Umbro-Marchean Apennines. Mem Soc Geol Ital 48:473–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Diersch HJG (1988) Finite element modelling of recirculating density-driven saltwater intrusion processes in groundwater. Adv Water Resour 11:25–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diersch HJG (1996a) Interactive, graphics-based finite-element simulation system FEFLOW for modelling groundwater flow, contaminant mass and heat transport processes. User’s Manual version 4.6. WASY Institute for Water Resources Planning and Systems Research, Berlin

  • Diersh HJG (2002) Feflow: Finite element subsurface flow and transport simulation system, Reference manual, Wasy, Institute for Water Resources Planning and System Research Ltd., Berlin

  • Diersch HJG, Kolditz O (1996) On finite-element analysis of spatio-temporal buoyancy-driven convection processes in porous media. ModelCARE’96 Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modeling, Golden, CO, IAHS, Wallingford, UK, pp 407–415

  • Diersch HJG, Kolditz O (1998) Coupled groundwater flow and transport: thermohaline and 3D convection systems. Adv Water Resour 21:401–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisena C, Anderson MP (1979) The effects of urbanization on ground-water quality: a case study. Ground Water 17(5):456–462. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03341.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher DL, Dietrich AM, Reay WG, Hayes MC, Simmons GM Jr (1996) Ground water discharge of agricultural pesticides and nutrients to estuarine surface water. Ground Water Monit Remediat 16(1):118–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover RE (1959) The pattern of fresh-water flow in a coastal aquifer. J Geophys Res 64:457–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JW, German PF, Odum WE (1987) Geomorphological control of subsurface hydrology in the creekbank zone of tidal marshes. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 25:677–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knuth M, Jackson JL, Whittemore DO (1989) An integrated approach to identifying the salinity source contaminating a ground-water supply. Ground Water 28(2):207–214. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb02248.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolditz O, Ratke R, Diersch HJG, Zielke W (1998) Coupled groundwater flow and transport: 1. verification of variable density flow and transport models. Adv Water Resour 21:27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krabbenhoft DP, Bowser CL, Anderson MP, Valley JW (1990) Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. the stable isotope mass balance method. Water Resour Res 26(10):2445–2453

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorah MM, Olsen LD (1999) Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland: field evidence of anaerobic biodegradation. Water Resour Res 35(12):3811–3827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massoli D, Koyi HA, Barchi MR (2006) Structural evolution of a fold and thrust belt generated by multiple décollements: analogue models and natural examples from the Northern Apennines (Italy). J Struct Geol 28(2):185–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nanni T, Vivalda P (1986) Caratteri idrogeologici schematici delle falde di subalveo e delle unità arenacee plio-pleistoceniche nelle Marche [Schematic hydrogeological characters of groundwater and Plio-Pleistocenic arenaceous formations in the Marche region]. Mem Soc Geol Ital 35:957–978

    Google Scholar 

  • Portney JW, Nowicki BL, Roman CT, Urish DW (1998) The discharge of nitrate-contaminated groundwater from developed shoreline to marsh-fringed estuary. Water Resour Res 34(11):3095–3104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price RM, Swart PK, Fourqurean JW (2006) Coastal groundwater discharge: an additional source of phosphorus for the oligotrophic wetlands of the Everglades. Hydrobiologia 569(1):23–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MA, Gallagher DL, Reay WG (1998) Field observations of tidal and seasonal variations in groundwater discharge to estuarine surface waters. Ground Water Monit Remediat 18(1):83–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson MJ, Clement TP, Gallop TA (2003) Laboratory and numerical investigation of flow and transport near a seepage face boundary. Ground Water 41(5):690–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AJ, Turner JV (2001) Density-dependent surface water-groundwater interaction and nutrient discharge in the Swan-Canning Estuary. Hydrol Process 15:2595–2616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taghvaei M, Beck SBM, Staszewski WJ (2006) Leak detection in pipeline networks using low-profile piezoceramic transducers. Structural Control Health Monitoring 14:1063–1082. doi:10.1002/stc.187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobias CR, Harvey JW, Anderson IC (2001) Quantifying groundwater discharge through fringing wetlands to estuaries: seasonal variability, methods comparison, and implications for wetland-estuary exchange. Limnol Oceanogr 46(3):604–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner AD, Gallagher MR (2006) Characterization of sea-water intrusion in the Pioneer Valley, Australia using hydrochemistry and three-dimensional numerical modeling. Hydrogeol J 14:1452–1469. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0059-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westbrook SJ, Rayner JL, Davis GB, Clement TP, Bjerg PL, Fisher SJ (2005) Interaction between shallow groundwater, saline surface water and contaminant discharge at seasonally and tidally forced estuarine boundary. J Hydrol 302:255–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White DS (1993) Perspectives on defining and delineating hyporheic zones. J North Am Benthol Soc 12(1):61–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter TC (2000) Interaction of Ground Water and Surface Water, In: Proceedings of the Ground-Water/Surface-Water Interactions Workshop, EPA/542/R-00/007, USEPA, Washington, DC, pp 15–20

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank API Refinery of Ancona for special collaboration in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luca Alberti.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Alberti, L., Francani, V. & La Licata, I. Characterization of salt-water intrusion in the lower Esino Valley, Italy using a three-dimensional numerical model. Hydrogeol J 17, 1791–1804 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0487-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0487-2

Keywords

Navigation