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Fractured-karst spring-flow protections: a case study in Jinan, China

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Abstract

Jinan Springs are an important historical heritage in China and have been well known for hundreds of years. Over-abstraction of groundwater in the Jinan area has seriously endangered the hydrological system of the springs, which have stopped flowing for significant periods of time in recent years. A three-dimensional finite-element model programmed primarily at the Hefei University of Technology has been developed to simulate groundwater level change in the large fractured-karst aquifer system in the Jinan Springs field. Various spring protection plans have been explored and their effects on the water table analyzed and compared. It was found that the present rate of groundwater withdrawal from the fractured-karst system in this area was inappropriate for spring protection. The simulated results suggest that decreasing the rate of groundwater pumping from 6.9×105 to 2.7×105 m3/day is needed to protect spring flows. Additional water resource requirements in that area may be met by use of surface water and recycled waste water.

Résumé

Les sources de Jinan représentent un héritage historique important en Chine et sont bien connues depuis des centaines d’années. La surexploitation des eaux souterraines dans la région de Jinan a considérablement affecté le système hydrologique des sources ; celles-ci se sont taries pendant des durées importantes ces dernières années. Un modèle aux éléments finis en trois dimensions, programmé à l’origine à l’Université de la Technologie de Hefei, a été réalisé pour simuler le changement du niveau de l’eau souterraine dans le grand système aquifère karstique fracturé de la région des sources de Jinan. Divers plans de protection des sources ont été envisagés et leurs effets sur l’aquifère ont été analysés et comparés. Le taux actuel de prélèvement d’eau souterraine à partir du système karstique fracturé s’est avéré comme étant incompatible avec la protection des sources. D’après les résultats des simulations, une diminution du taux de pompage des eaux souterraines de 6.9×105 à 2.7×105 m3/j est nécessaire pour sauvegarder l’écoulement des sources. Dans cette région, l’utilisation de l’eau de surface et le recyclage des eaux usées devraient permettre de satisfaire la demande en eau supplémentaire.

Resumen

Los manantiales Jinan son un importante patrimonio cultural en China y han sido bien conocidos por cientos de años. La sobre utilización de agua subterránea en el área Jinan ha amenazado seriamente el sistema hidrológico de los manantiales los cuales han dejado de fluir durante periodos significativos de tiempo en años recientes. Se ha desarrollado un modelo tri-dimensional en elemento finito programado principalmente en la Universidad Tecnológica de Hefei para simular el cambio de nivel de agua subterránea en el sistema de acuífero kárstico fracturado del campo de manantiales Jinan. Se han explorado varios planes de protección de manantiales y se han comparado y analizado sus efectos en el nivel freático. Se encontró que la tasa actual de explotación de agua subterránea en el sistema kárstico fracturado del área ha sido inadecuada para la protección de los manantiales. Los resultados de simulación sugieren que es necesario disminuir el bombeo de agua subterránea de 6.9×105 a 2.7×105 m3/d para proteger los flujos de los manantiales. Los requerimientos adicionales de recursos hídricos en el área pueden ser abastecidos con el uso de agua superficial y agua residual reciclada.

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Acknowledgements

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40202027) and Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (No. 91079). We thank Associate Editor Mary Hill for her detailed comments which helped us greatly in revising the manuscript. We also thank another reviewer Laura Foglia for her constructive comments and Sue Duncan (Technical Editorial Advisor) for further editorial corrections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People’s Republic of China

    Jiazhong Qian, Yifeng Wu & Jiaquan Wang

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3115, USA

    Hongbin Zhan

  3. Water Conservancy Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250013, People’s Republic of China

    Fulin Li

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  1. Jiazhong Qian
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  2. Hongbin Zhan
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  3. Yifeng Wu
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  4. Fulin Li
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  5. Jiaquan Wang
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Correspondence to Hongbin Zhan.

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Qian, J., Zhan, H., Wu, Y. et al. Fractured-karst spring-flow protections: a case study in Jinan, China. Hydrogeol J 14, 1192–1205 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0061-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0061-0

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