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Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes

  • Review Paper
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Abstract

Fluidized bed electrodes (FBEs), which were discovered in the late 1960s, are 3D (three-dimensional) particle electrodes. The FBEs have been attracting extensive attention because of their unique properties and advantages, such as higher space-time yield, high active electrode area, and higher mass transfer rate than conventional electrochemical reactors. This review summarizes the progress of FBEs and spouted bed electrodes in the past few decades and focuses on their applications in metallurgy, environmental protection, functional particle preparation, energy storage and conversion, redox reaction, and water treatment. Although most examples outlined in this paper are still in laboratory, they can provide researchers with useful guidance for further exploration.

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Abbreviations

α :

surface area ratio per unit volume of metal particles, cm−1

A E :

electrode area per unit electrode volume, m−1

d p :

particle diameter, μm

d p * :

dimensionless solid particle diameter, defined as dp* = dp (ρg∆ρ/μ2)1/3

d v :

equivalent diameter of equal volume of single particle, m

D :

tube diameter, mm

f(ŋ, C) :

expression of electrochemical reaction speed

H :

the height of particle bed, m

i m :

current density of metal particle phase, A/cm2

i s :

current density of electrolyte liquid phase, A/cm2

I :

total current density of current feeder, A/cm2

n :

slopes obtained from the plots of log ul versus log ε

Δp :

pressure drop over fluidized bed electrodes, Pa

Re :

Reynolds number

Re t :

Reynolds number of particle terminal speed

S c :

Schmidt number

S h :

Sherwood number

u :

superficial liquid velocity, m/s

u l :

external phase flow rate with bed porosity of 1, m/s

u t :

settling velocity of particle electrode, m/s

U 1 * :

dimensionless superficial liquid velocity, defined as Ul* = Ul (ρ2/μg∆ρ)1/3

U cv :

transition velocity of fluidization regime to transport regime, m/s

U mf :

minimum fluidization velocity, m/s

χ :

position coordinates starting from the current feeder, cm

ε :

porosity of fluid bed electrodes

μ :

viscosity of fluid, Pa s

ρ f :

density of fluid, kg/m3

σ m :

effective conductivity of metal phase, Ω−1 cm−1

σ s :

effective conductivity of liquid phase, Ω−1 cm−1

Φ m :

potential of metal particle phase, V

Φ s :

potential of metal particle phase, V

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51774262, 21736010, 51504231, and 51504232); Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization (Project No. CNMRCUKF1704); Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talents Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2018-327), and the Key Research Program of Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry (No. E0010705).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 353, Beijing, 100190, China

    Jiaxin Cheng, Haitao Yang, Chuanlin Fan, Rongxing Li, Xiaohua Yu & Hongtao Li

  2. Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China

    Jiaxin Cheng, Rongxing Li & Xiaohua Yu

  3. State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Jiaxin Cheng & Xiaohua Yu

  4. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Haitao Yang, Chuanlin Fan & Hongtao Li

  5. Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry, Nanjing, 211135, China

    Haitao Yang

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  3. Chuanlin Fan
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  4. Rongxing Li
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  5. Xiaohua Yu
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  6. Hongtao Li
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Correspondence to Haitao Yang or Chuanlin Fan.

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Cheng, J., Yang, H., Fan, C. et al. Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 24, 2199–2217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04786-w

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