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The magnetic concentration gradient force—Is it real?

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Abstract

There are suggestions in the electrochemical literature that a body force F ∇c acts when an electrolyte with a non-uniform concentration c of paramagnetic ions is subject to a uniform magnetic field. We demonstrate, experimentally and theoretically, that no such magnetic body force exists, to first order. A second-order correction associated with the demagnetizing field does lead to a very small concentration-dependent body force, which is not expected to produce any observable effect in electrochemistry.

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Notes

  1. Again the interfaces can be sharp or diffuse; diffuse interfaces are achieved by adding identical drops of water, or some other solvent, above each free interface.

  2. This can be written as F = μ 0 M j ∇ H j, or in component form, F i = μ 0 M j∂H j/∂xi, with a sum over repeated indices. It is only correct to write the Kelvin force as F = μ 0(M.∇)H when H and ∇ H are parallel. This is not usually the case; in Fig 1b, for example, H is horizontal, but ∇ H is vertical.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland.

We are grateful to Dr. James Hilton for the help in the simulation of magnetic field, to Plamen Stamenov and François Gautier for useful discussions, and to Fiona Byrne for some measurements of paramagnetic liquid confinement.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland

    J. M. D. Coey, F. M. F. Rhen, P. Dunne & S. McMurry

Authors
  1. J. M. D. Coey
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  2. F. M. F. Rhen
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  3. P. Dunne
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  4. S. McMurry
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Correspondence to J. M. D. Coey.

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Contribution to special issue on Magnetic field effects in Electrochemistry.

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Coey, J.M.D., Rhen, F.M.F., Dunne, P. et al. The magnetic concentration gradient force—Is it real?. J Solid State Electrochem 11, 711–717 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-006-0254-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-006-0254-4

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