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Vertical physico-chemical gradients with distinct microbial communities in the hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania)

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Abstract

The effect of vertical physico-chemical stratification on the planktonic microbial community composition of the deep, hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania) was examined in this study. On site and laboratory measurements were performed to determine the physical and chemical variables of the lake water, and culture-based and cultivation-independent techniques were applied to identify the members of microbial communities. The surface of the lake was characterized by a low salinity water layer while the deepest region was extremely saline (up to 300 g/L salinity). Many parameters (e.g. photosynthetically active radiation, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, redox potential) changed dramatically from 2 to 4 m below the water surface in conjunction with the increasing salinity values. The water temperature reached a maximum at this depth. At around 3 m depth, there was a water layer with high (bacterio) chlorophyll content dominated by Prosthecochloris vibrioformis, a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium. Characteristic microbial communities with various prokaryotic taxa were identified along the different environmental parameters present in the different water layers. Some of these bacteria were known to be heterotrophic and therefore may be involved in the decomposition of lake organic material (e.g. Halomonas, Idiomarina and Pseudoalteromonas) while others in the transformation of sulfur compounds (e.g. Prosthecochloris). Eukaryotic microorganisms identified by molecular methods in the lake water belonged to genera of green algae (Mantionella and Picochlorum), and were restricted mainly to the upper layers.

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Acknowledgments

We thank to the Research Programs Institute of Sapientia Foundation (Grant No. 209/37/2009) for supporting our research and to grant POSCCE-A2-O2.1.1-2010-2 (No. 565/09.09.2013, Code: 1734, Acronym: SILOPREP) for providing financial support for the establishment of Lake Ursu bacterial culture collection. The authors wish to thank Rita Sipos and Éva Mészáros for helpful discussions regarding the applied PCR-DGGE primers and protocols. Meteorological data were provided by Gergely Makkai from the National Meteorological Administration—Târgu Mureş (Romania). We acknowledge the staff at Balneoclimaterica SA Sovata, and we are also grateful to Toposervice SRL and to László Szakács for their help. T. F. was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania

    István Máthé, Zsolt Kelemen & Erzsébet Elekes

  2. Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    Andrea K. Borsodi, Erika M. Tóth, Tamás Felföldi, Gergely Krett & Károly Márialigeti

  3. Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    Laura Jurecska & Katalin Barkács

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  1. István Máthé
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Correspondence to Tamás Felföldi.

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Communicated by A. Oren.

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792_2014_633_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 1 Selected epifluorescence microscopic images of water samples from Lake Ursu after DAPI staining. Curved cells are marked with arrows. Bar, 10 μm (TIFF 14354 kb)

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Máthé, I., Borsodi, A.K., Tóth, E.M. et al. Vertical physico-chemical gradients with distinct microbial communities in the hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania). Extremophiles 18, 501–514 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-014-0633-1

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