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Significant elevation of salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 levels by probiotic milk in preschool children with severe early childhood caries: a randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

Objectives

To determine salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) levels in caries-free preschool children and in those with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe-ECC, in a daily probiotic group, receiving reconstituted milk with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 once daily; a triweekly probiotic group, receiving the probiotic milk 3 days a week; and a placebo group.

Materials and methods

Oral examination and unstimulated whole saliva collection were conducted in 354 children at baseline, 6 months after intervention (T6), and after probiotic discontinuation (T12). Of the 354, adequate volume of saliva samples from 268 children were simultaneously analyzed for Streptococcus mutans and total lactobacilli levels using qPCR and for HNP1-3 levels using ELISA.

Results

In the severe-ECC status, significant increases in the median HNP1-3 levels at T12 were found in both daily and triweekly probiotic groups (p < 0.001). The median S. mutans levels in the daily group were significantly decreased at T6 and T12 (p < 0.01), whereas the median total lactobacilli levels were significantly increased at T6 (p < 0.001). Significantly inverse correlations between altered HNP1-3 and S. mutans levels and significant decreases in caries progression were found in both probiotic groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

In the severe-ECC status, daily or triweekly consumption of L. paracasei SD1 significantly enhanced salivary HNP1-3 levels, but reduced S. mutans levels, possibly resulting in reduction of caries progression.

Clinical relevance

Significant enhancement of salivary HNP1-3 levels by probiotic consumption is associated with reduction in S. mutans levels, consistent with diminished caries progression in children with severe-ECC.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. M. Kevin O Carroll, Professor Emeritus of the University of Mississippi School of Dentistry, USA, and Faculty Consultant at Chiang Mai University Faculty of Dentistry, Thailand, for his critical reading of this manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the Health Systems Research Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand (no. HSRI60-023) to R.T.; by the National Research Council of Thailand (no. DEN600045a) to S.P.; by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from Prince of Songkla University, Thailand to N.P.; by the Intramural Endowment Fund, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand to A.N.; and by the Food Innovation and Packaging Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand to S.K.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Onnida Wattanarat & Chanika Manmontri

  2. Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Onnida Wattanarat, Areerat Nirunsittirat, Chanika Manmontri, Anupong Makeudom, Thanapat Sastraruji & Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit

  3. Division of Community Dentistry, Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Areerat Nirunsittirat

  4. Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand

    Supatcharin Piwat

  5. Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand

    Supatcharin Piwat, Rawee Teanpaisan & Nuntiya Pahumunto

  6. Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand

    Rawee Teanpaisan & Nuntiya Pahumunto

  7. Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit

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  1. Onnida Wattanarat
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in this trial involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical principles of the Ethics Committee Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University (no. EC5912-50-L-HR), Human Experimentation Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University (no. 10/2018), and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Wattanarat, O., Nirunsittirat, A., Piwat, S. et al. Significant elevation of salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 levels by probiotic milk in preschool children with severe early childhood caries: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Invest 25, 2891–2903 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03606-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03606-9

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