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Light curing through glass ceramics: effect of curing mode on micromechanical properties of dual-curing resin cements

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Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate micromechanical properties of five dual-curing resin cements after different curing modes including light curing through glass ceramic materials.

Materials and methods

Vickers hardness (VH) and indentation modulus (Y HU) of Panavia F2.0, RelyX Unicem 2 Automix, SpeedCEM, BisCem, and BeautiCem SA were measured after 1 week of storage (37 °C, 100 % humidity). The resin cements were tested following self-curing or light curing with the second-generation light-emitting diode (LED) curing unit Elipar FreeLight 2 in Standard Mode (1,545 mW/cm2) or with the third-generation LED curing unit VALO in High Power Mode (1,869 mW/cm2) or in XtraPower Mode (3,505 mW/cm2). Light curing was performed directly or through glass ceramic discs of 1.5 or 3 mm thickness of IPS Empress CAD or IPS e.max CAD. VH and Y HU were analysed with Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α = 0.05).

Results

RelyX Unicem 2 Automix resulted in the highest VH and Y HU followed by BeautiCem SA, BisCem, SpeedCEM, and finally Panavia F2.0. Self-curing of RelyX Unicem 2 Automix and SpeedCEM lowered VH and Y HU compared to light curing whereas self-curing of Panavia F2.0, BisCem, and BeautiCem SA led to similar or significantly higher VH and Y HU compared to light curing. Generally, direct light curing resulted in similar or lower VH and Y HU compared to light curing through 1.5-mm-thick ceramic discs. Light curing through 3-mm-thick discs of IPS e.max CAD generally reduced VH and Y HU for all resin cements except SpeedCEM, which was the least affected by light curing through ceramic discs.

Conclusions

The resin cements responded heterogeneously to changes in curing mode. The applied irradiances and light curing times adequately cured the resin cements even through 1.5-mm-thick ceramic discs.

Clinical relevance

When light curing resin cements through thick glass ceramic restorations, clinicians should consider to prolong the light curing times even with LED curing units providing high irradiances.

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Acknowledgments

S. Flury was supported by a grant (grant number: PB BEP3_136565) of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF, www.snf.ch). Furthermore, we thank J. Wandel, L. Martig, and Prof. Dr. J. Hüsler, Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Bern, for statistical analyses as well as Dr. A. Peutzfeldt for the scientific commentaries on the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or non-financial.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Simon Flury & Adrian Lussi

  2. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Reinhard Hickel & Nicoleta Ilie

Authors
  1. Simon Flury
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  2. Adrian Lussi
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  3. Reinhard Hickel
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  4. Nicoleta Ilie
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Correspondence to Simon Flury.

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Flury, S., Lussi, A., Hickel, R. et al. Light curing through glass ceramics: effect of curing mode on micromechanical properties of dual-curing resin cements. Clin Oral Invest 18, 809–818 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1051-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1051-y

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