Abstract
Background
It is difficult to treat implant-related infections because bacteria form biofilms on implants. Biofilms protect the organisms from the host's immune system and prevent penetration of antimicrobial agents. We investigated the susceptibility of six strains isolated from infected total hip arthroplasty (THA) cases to six antimicrobial agents.
Methods
Six Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis strains isolated from infected THA cases and S. aureus ACTT 25923, positive strains of biofilms, were used in this study. Biofilms were developed on 96-well titer plates. After 7 days the nutrient solution was aspirated, and wells were rinsed three times with sterile water. A series of doubling dilutions of each antimicrobial agent (16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 µg/ml) in trypticase soy broth were added to the wells. The plates were incubated at 37°C. After 24 h, the contents were aspirated and wells were rinsed three times with sterile water. The surfaces of wells were vigorously scraped with a sterile swab and applied to sheep blood agar plates at 37°C in an aerobic chamber for 24 h. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined as the lowest concentration of antibiotic resulting in 100% reduction of viable cells compared to the antibiotic-free control. Biofilms were produced on stainless steel washers, and the time-course changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results
Planktonic bacteria were sensitive to the antimicrobial agents, but biofilm bacteria were markedly resistant. SEM revealed that biofilms grew larger with time.
Conclusions
The MBCs of antimicrobial agents for biofilms bacteria were higher than those of planktonic bacteria. Therefore, it is suggested that implant-related infection is difficult to treat with antimicrobial agents alone.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AG Gristina JW Costerton (1985) ArticleTitleBacterial adherence to biomaterials and tissue: the significance of its role in clinical sepsis J Bone Joint Surg Am 67 264–73 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2M7gsFWhuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3881449
JR Das M Bhankoo MV Jones P Gilbert (1998) ArticleTitleChanges in the biocide susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli cells associated with rapid attachment to plastic surfaces J Appl Microbiol 84 852–8 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00422.x Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00422.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXks1aqurk%3D Occurrence Handle9674140
H Ceri ME Olson C Stremick RR Read D Morck A Buret (1999) ArticleTitleThe Calgary biofilm device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms J Clin Microbiol 37 1771–6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjslSrtLg%3D Occurrence Handle10325322
GD Christensen WA Simpson AL Bisno EH Beachey (1982) ArticleTitleAdherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces Infect Immun 37 318–26 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL383msVansQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6179880
CB Phillips JA Barrett E Losina NN Mahomed EA Lingard E Guadanoli et al. (2003) ArticleTitleIncidence rates of dislocation, pulmonary embolism, and deep infection during the first six months after elective total hip replacement J Bone Joint Surg Am 85 20–6 10.1302/0301-620X.85B3.13201 Occurrence Handle10.1302/0301-620X.85B3.13201 Occurrence Handle12533567
AW Blom AH Taylor G Pattison S Whitehouse GC Bannister (2003) ArticleTitleInfection after total hip arthroplasty J Bone Joint Surg Br 85 957–9 10.1302/0301-620X.85B7.14095 Occurrence Handle10.1302/0301-620X.85B7.14095
KJ Ure HC Amstutz S Nasser TP Schmalzried (1998) ArticleTitleDirect-exchange arthoplasty for the treatment of infection after total hip replacement: an average ten-year follow-up J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 961–8 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1czmtFCltw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9698000
PS Stewart JW Costerton (2001) ArticleTitleAntibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms Lancet 358 135–8 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05321-1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlt1Shsbs%3D Occurrence Handle11463434
G Ramage MM Tunney S Patrick SP Gorman JR Nixon (2003) ArticleTitleFormation of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms on orthopaedic biomaterials and their susceptibility to antimicrobials Biomaterials 24 3221–7 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00173-X Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00173-X Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjvVanu74%3D Occurrence Handle12763449
JA Berry JF Biedlingmaier PJ Whelan (2003) ArticleTitleIn vitro resistance to bacterial biofilm formation on coated fluoroplastic tympanostomy tubes Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123 246–51 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mhn.2000.107458
R Darouiche J Farmer C Chaput M Mansouri G Saleh GC Landon (1998) ArticleTitleAnti-infective efficacy of antiseptic-coated intramedullary nails J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 1336–40 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1cvjtVKiuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9759819
G Gosheger J Hardes H Ahrens A Streitburger H Buerger M Erren et al. (2004) ArticleTitleSilver-coated megaendoprostheses in a rabbit model: an analysis of the infection rate and toxicological side effects Biomaterials 25 5547–56 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.008 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.008 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvFOht7s%3D Occurrence Handle15142737
E Sheehan J Mckenna KJ Mulhall P Marks D McCormack (2004) ArticleTitleAdhesion of Staphylococcus to orthopaedic metals, an in vivo study J Orthop Res 22 39–43 10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00152-9 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00152-9 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptlyhs7Y%3D Occurrence Handle14656657
M Stigter J Bezemer K de Groot P Layrolle (2004) ArticleTitleIncorporation of different antibiotics into carbonated hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium implants, release and antibiotic efficacy J Controlled Release 99 127–37 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.011 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.011 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnt1Kjt7s%3D
JA Wu C Kusuma JJ Mond JF Kokai-Kun (2003) ArticleTitleLysostaphin disrupts Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms on artificial surfaces Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 3407–14 Occurrence Handle10.1128/AAC.47.11.3407-3414.2003 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovVaitr0%3D Occurrence Handle14576095
C Perez-Giraldo A Rodriguez-Benito FJ Moran C Hurtado MT Blanco AC Gomez-Garcia (1997) ArticleTitleInfluence of N-acetylcysteine on formation of biofilm by Staphylococcus epidermidis J Antimicrobial Chemother 39 643–6 Occurrence Handle10.1093/jac/39.5.643 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Skt7g%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Nishimura, S., Tsurumoto, T., Yonekura, A. et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms isolated from infected total hip arthroplasty cases. J Orthop Sci 11, 46–50 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-005-0968-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-005-0968-7