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Bioactive dietary peptides and amino acids in inflammatory bowel disease

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Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), most commonly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients affected with IBD experience symptoms including abdominal pain, persistent diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and weight loss. There is no cure for IBD; thus treatments typically focus on preventing complications, inducing and maintaining remission, and improving quality of life. During IBD, dysregulation of the intestinal immune system leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and recruitment of activated immune cells to the intestine, causing tissue damage and perpetuating the inflammatory response. Recent biological therapies targeting specific inflammatory cytokines or pathways, in particular TNF-α, have shown promise, but not all patients respond to treatment, and some individuals become intolerant to treatment over time. Dietary peptides and amino acids (AAs) have been shown to modulate intestinal immune functions and influence inflammatory responses, and may be useful as alternative or ancillary treatments in IBD. This review focuses on dietary interventions for IBD treatment, in particular the role of dietary peptides and AAs in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the gut, as well as recent advances in the cellular mechanisms responsible for their anti-inflammatory activity.

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Abbreviations

γ-EC:

γ-Glutamylcysteine

γ-EV:

γ-Glutamylvaline

AA:

Amino acids

Apolipoprotein L6:

APOL6

CaSR:

Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

UC:

Ulcerative colitis

CD:

Crohn’s disease

DC:

Dendritic cells

IECs:

Intestinal epithelial cells

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

IL:

Interleukin

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Th:

T helper

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

DSS:

Dextran sodium sulfate

TNBS:

2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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  1. Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada

    Hua Zhang, Jennifer Kovacs-Nolan & Yoshinori Mine

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA

    Chien-An A. Hu

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Zhang, H., Hu, CA.A., Kovacs-Nolan, J. et al. Bioactive dietary peptides and amino acids in inflammatory bowel disease. Amino Acids 47, 2127–2141 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1886-9

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