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Cross-linking of wheat gluten proteins during production of hard pretzels

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Abstract

The impact of the hot alkaline dip, prior to pretzel-baking, on the types and levels of cross-links between wheat proteins was studied. Protein extractability of pretzel dough in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing buffer decreased during alkaline dipping [45 s, 1.0% (w/v) NaOH, 90°C], and even more during baking (3 min at 250°C) and drying (10 min at 135°C). Reducing agent increased the extractability partly, indicating that both reducible (disulfide, SS) and non-reducible (non-SS) protein cross-links had been formed. The decrease in cystine levels suggested β-elimination of cystine releasing Cys and dehydroalanine (DHA). Subsequent reaction of DHA with Lys and Cys, induced the unusual and potentially cross-linking amino acids lysinoalanine (LAL) and lanthionine (LAN), respectively, in alkaline dipped dough (7 μmol LAN/g protein) and in the end product (9 μmol LAL and 50 μmol LAN/g protein). The baking/drying step increased sample redness, decreased Lys levels more than expected based on LAL formation (57 μmol/g protein), and induced a loss of reducing sugars (99 μmol/g protein), which suggested the potential contribution of Maillard-derived cross-links to the observed extractability loss. However, levels of Maillard products which possibly cross-link proteins, are small compared to DHA-derived cross-links. Higher dipping temperatures, longer dipping times, and higher NaOH concentrations increased protein extractability losses and redness, as well as LAL and LAN levels in the end product. No indications for Maillard-derived cross-links or LAL in pretzel dough immediately after dipping were found, even when severe dipping conditions were used.

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Abbreviations

DHA:

Dehydroalanine

HPAEC-IPAD:

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection

LAL:

Lysinoalanine

LAN:

Lanthionine

mc:

Moisture content

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SE-HPLC:

Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography

SH:

Sulfhydryl

SS:

Disulfide

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Acknowledgments

This work is part of the Methusalem programme “Food for the Future” at the K.U.Leuven. B. Lagrain and K. Brijs wish to acknowledge the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO, Brussels, Belgium) and the Industrial Research Fund (K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), respectively, for financial support.

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  1. Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, P.O. Box 2463, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium

    Ine Rombouts, Bert Lagrain, Kristof Brijs & Jan A. Delcour

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  1. Ine Rombouts
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  2. Bert Lagrain
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  3. Kristof Brijs
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  4. Jan A. Delcour
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Correspondence to Ine Rombouts.

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Rombouts, I., Lagrain, B., Brijs, K. et al. Cross-linking of wheat gluten proteins during production of hard pretzels. Amino Acids 42, 2429–2438 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1048-2

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