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Acetohydroxyacid synthase and its role in the biosynthetic pathway for branched-chain amino acids

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Summary.

The branched-chain amino acids are synthesized by plants, fungi and microorganisms, but not by animals. Therefore, the enzymes of this pathway are potential target sites for the development of antifungal agents, antimicrobials and herbicides. Most research has focused upon the first enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway, acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) largely because it is the target site for many commercial herbicides. In this review we provide a brief overview of the important properties of each enzyme within the pathway and a detailed summary of the most recent AHAS research, against the perspective of work that has been carried out over the past 50 years.

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Abbreviations

2-IPMS:

2-isopropylmalate synthase

2-KB:

2-ketobutyrate

3-IPMD:

3-isopropylmalate dehydratase

3-IPMDH:

3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase

3-IPMI:

3-isopropylmalate isomerase

Ac-ThDP:

acetyl-ThDP

ADP:

adenosine diphosphate

AHAS:

acetohydroxyacid synthase

AHB:

2-aceto-2-hydroxybutyrate

AL:

2-acetolactate

ALS:

acetolactate synthase

AMP:

adenosine monophosphate

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

BCAA:

branched-chain amino acid

BCAT:

branched-chain aminotransferase

CE:

chlorimuron ethyl

CoA:

coenzyme A

CS:

chlorsulfuron

CSU:

catalytic subunit

DHAD:

dihydroxyacid dehydratase

EDTA:

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

FAD:

flavin adenine dinucleotide

FADH2 :

reduced FAD

HE-ThDP:

hydroxyethyl-ThDP (carbanion)

Hoe 704:

2-dimethylphosphinoyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid

IP:

imazapyr

IpOHA:

N-hydroxy-N-isopropyloxamate

IQ:

imazaquin

IT:

imazethapyr

KARI:

ketol-acid reductoisomerase

L-ThDP:

lactyl-ThDP

MM:

metsulfuron methyl

NAD(P)+ :

oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)

NAD(P)H:

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)

O-IbOHA:

O-isobutenyl oxalylhydroxamate

PAC:

(R)-phenylacetyl carbinol

PDB:

Protein Databank

PDC:

pyruvate decarboxylase

POX:

pyruvate oxidase

RSU:

regulatory subunit

SM:

sulfometuron methyl

TA:

transaminase

TB:

tribenuron methyl

TD:

threonine deaminase

ThDP:

thiamin diphosphate

TK:

transketolase

TThDP:

thiamin thiazolone diphosphate

U/mg:

µmol product produced per minute per mg

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  1. School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    J. A. McCourt & R. G. Duggleby

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  1. J. A. McCourt
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McCourt, J., Duggleby, R. Acetohydroxyacid synthase and its role in the biosynthetic pathway for branched-chain amino acids. Amino Acids 31, 173–210 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0297-3

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