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Primary inclusions of burbankite in carbonatites from the Fen complex, southern Norway

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Abstract

Carbonatites in the Fen intrusive complex (southern Norway) contain abundant burbankite (confirmed by Raman microspectroscopy) as inclusions in calcite, dolomite and, less commonly, fluorapatite and pyrochlore. Typically the inclusions occur in the core of calcite or dolomite grains relatively unaffected by subsolidus processes, and are associated with Fe-poor dolomite or Sr-rich calcite, respectively. Burbankite does not exceed 30 × 50 μm in size and is characteristically absent from the peripheral areas of carbonate grains affected by recrystallization or interaction with fluids. Compositionally, the mineral falls within the following range: (Na1.51–2.16Ca0.58–1.21)(Sr1.50–2.42Ca0.28–0.57LREE0.05–0.64Ba0.06–0.41)(CO3)5 and contains low Th, but no detectable Mg, Fe or F (LREE = light rare-earth elements: Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Sm). Burbankite inclusions at Fen are interpreted as primary and indicative of Na enrichment in their parental carbonatitic magma. Dissociation of burbankite during subsolidus re-equilibration of its host phases with fluids undoubtedly served as one of the sources of LREE for the development of late-stage mineralization in the Fen complex.

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Acknowledgements

SD acknowledges the hospitality of the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, during his research visits. Neil Ball and Panseok Yang are thanked for their skillful help with EPMA calibration, and Mark A. Cooper for collecting X-ray diffraction data for the reference burbankite sample. REE Minerals AS is gratefully acknowledged for providing access to the core from drill-hole DDH-019. We are grateful to Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Lutz Nasdala and an anonymous referee for their insightful comments on burbankite parageneses and spectroscopy, and to Francesco Stoppa for editorial handling. Financial support for the present work was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (ARC) and by the Telemark County Council (SD).

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Anton R. Chakhmouradian

  2. Vestfold and Telemark County Council, Fylkeshuset, Svend Foynsgate 9, 3110, Tønsberg, Norway

    Sven Dahlgren

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  1. Anton R. Chakhmouradian
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Correspondence to Anton R. Chakhmouradian.

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Chakhmouradian, A., Dahlgren, S. Primary inclusions of burbankite in carbonatites from the Fen complex, southern Norway. Miner Petrol 115, 161–171 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-021-00736-0

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