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Mineral inclusions in fibrous diamonds: constraints on cratonic mantle refertilization and diamond formation

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Abstract

We analyzed mineral microinclusions in fibrous diamonds from the Wawa metaconglomerate (Superior craton) and Diavik kimberlites (Slave craton) and compared them with published compositions of large mineral inclusions in non-fibrous diamonds from these localities. The comparison, together with similar datasets available for Ekati and Koffiefontein kimberlites, suggest a general pattern of metasomatic alteration imposed on the ambient mantle by formation of fibrous diamond. Calcium and Fe enrichment of peridotitic garnet and pyroxenes and Fe enrichment of olivine associated with fibrous diamond-forming fluids contributes to refertilization of the cratonic mantle. Saline—carbonatitic—silicic fluid trapped by fibrous diamonds may represent one of the elusive agents of mantle refertilization. Calcium enrichment of peridotitic garnet and pyroxenes is expected in local mantle segments during fibrous diamond production, as Ca in the carbonatitic fluids is deposited into the surrounding mantle when oxidized carbon is reduced to diamond. Harzburgitic garnet evolves towards Ca-rich compositions even when it interacts with Ca-poor saline fluids. An unusual trend of Mg enrichment to Fo95–98 is observed in some olivine inclusions in Wawa fibrous diamonds. The trend may result from the carbonatitic composition of the fluid that promotes crystallization of magnesian olivine and preferentially oxidizes the fayalite component. We propose a generic model of fibrous and non-fibrous diamond formation from carbonatitic fluids that explains enrichment of the mantle in mafic magmaphile and incompatible elements and accounts for locally metasomatized compositions of diamond inclusions.

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Acknowledgments

The research was funded by an NSERC grant to MGK and SEG student research grant and NSERC-Canadian Graduate Scholarship to ES. The authors are grateful for support and samples received from J. Ryder (Dianor Resources) and Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. (with the help of H. McLean, Y. Kinakin, and G. Villegas). The authors would also like to acknowledge M. Raudsepp and E. Czech for their aid in data collection on the electron microprobe, and E. Tomlinson and an anonymous reviewer for improving the earlier draft of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Christine E. Miller, Maya Kopylova & Evan Smith

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  1. Christine E. Miller
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  2. Maya Kopylova
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  3. Evan Smith
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Correspondence to Maya Kopylova.

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Editorial handling: A. R. Chakhmouradian

Highlights

Fibrous diamond formation is associated with refertilization of the cratonic mantleDiamond forms when carbonatitic fluids are reduced, depositing Ca and incompatible elements in the mantle

Diamond forms when carbonatitic fluids are reduced, depositing Ca and incompatible elements in the mantle

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Miller, C.E., Kopylova, M. & Smith, E. Mineral inclusions in fibrous diamonds: constraints on cratonic mantle refertilization and diamond formation. Miner Petrol 108, 317–331 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-013-0305-3

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