Abstract
The distribution and development of secretory cells and crystal cells in young shoot apexes of water hyacinth were investigated through morphological and cytological analysis. The density of secretory cells and crystal cells were high in parenchyma tissues around the vascular bundles of shoot apexes. Three developmental stages of the secretory cells can be distinguished under transmission electron microscopy. Firstly, a large number of electron-dense vesicles formed in the cytoplasm, then fused with the tonoplast and released into the vacuole in the form of electron-dense droplets. As these droplets fused together, a large mass of dark material completely filled the vacuole. To this end, a secretion storage vacuole (SSV) formed. Secondly, an active secretion stage accompanied with degradation of the large electron-dense masses through an ill-defined autophagic process at periphery and in the limited internal regions of the SSV. Finally, after most storage substances were withdrawn, the materials remaining in the spent SSV consisted of an electron-dense network structure. The distribution and development of crystal cells in shoot apical tissue of water hyacinth were also studied by light and electron microscopy. Crystals initially formed at one site in the vacuole, where tube-like membrane structures formed crystal chambers. The chamber enlarged as the crystal grew in bidirectional manner and formed needle-shaped raphides. Most of these crystals finally occurred as raphide bundles, and the others appeared as block-like rhombohedral crystals in the vacuole. These results suggest that the formation of both secretory cells and crystal cells are involved in the metamorphosis of vacuoles and a role for vacuoles in water hyacinth rapid growth and tolerance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agunbiade FO, Olu-Owolabi BI, Adebowale KO (2009) Phytoremediation potential of Eichornia crassipes in metal-contaminated coastal water. Bioresour Technol 100:4521–4526
Bassham DC, Laporte M, Marty F, Moriyasu Y, Ohsumi Y, Olsen L, Yoshimoto K (2006) Autophagy in development and stress responses of plants. Autophagy 2:2–11
Benayoun J, Fahn A (1979) Intracellular transport and elimination of resin from the epithelial duct-cells of Pinus halepensis. Ann Bot 43:179–181
Carmello SM, Machado SR, Gregorio EA (1995) Ultrastructural aspects of the development in Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Rev Bras Bot 18:95–103
Ciccarelli D, Andreucci AC, Pagni AM (2001) Translucent glands and secretory canals in Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae): Morphological, anatomical and histochemical studies during the course of ontogenesis. Ann Bot 88:637–644
Dell B, McComb AJ (1978) Plant resins-their formation, secretion and possible functions. Adv Bot Res 6:277–316
EI-Khaiary MI (2007) Kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by nitric-acid treated water-hyacinth. J Hazard Mater 147:28–36
Fahn A (1988) Secretory tissues in vascular plants. New Phytol 108:229–257
Fahn A, Shimony C (1998) Ultrastructure and secretion of the secretory cells of two species of Fagonia L. (Zygophyllaceae). Ann Bot 81:557–565
Franceschi VR, Nakata PA (2005) Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function. Ann Rev Plant Biol 56:41–71
Franceschi VR, Li X, Zhang D, Okita TW (1993) Calsequestrin like calcium-binding protein is expressed in calcium-accumulating cells of Pistia stratiotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6986–6990
Frank E, Jensen WA (1970) On the formation of the pattern of crystal idioblasts in Canavalia ensiformis DC. IV. The fine structure of the crystal cells. Planta 95:202–217
Gopal B (1987) Water hyacinth [M]. Elsevier, New York, p 471
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1938) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. University of California 347:1–39
Horner HT, Whitmoyer BL (1972) Raphide crystal cell development in leaves of Psychotria punctata (Rubiaceae). J Cell Sci 11:339–355
Katayama H, Fujibayashi Y, Nagaoka S, Sugimura Y (2007) Cell wall sheath surrounding calcium oxalate crystals in mulberry idioblasts. Protoplasma 231:245–248
Kathiresan RM (2000) Allelopathic potential of native plants against water hyacinth. Crop Protection 19:705–708
Klein DE, Gomes VM, Silva-Neto SJ, Cunha M (2004) The structure of colleters in several species of Simira (Rubiaceae). Ann Bot 94:733–740
Kostman TA, Franceschi VR (2000) Cell and calcium oxalate crystal growth is coordinated to achieve high-capacity calcium regulation in plants. Protoplasma 214:166–179
Krasowski MJ, Owens JN (1990) Seasonal changes in the apical zonation and ultrustructure of coastal Douglas fir seedling (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Amer J Bot 77:245–260
Kupila-Ahvenniemi S, Pihakaske, Pihakaski K (1978) Wintertime changes in the ultrastructure and metabolism of the microsporangiate strobili of the scots pine. Planta 144:19–29
Langenheim JH (2003) Plant resins. Timber, Cambridge, p 586
Li XX, Franceschi VR (1990) Distribution of peroxisomes and glycolate metabolism in relation to calcium oxalate formation in Lemna minor L. Eur J Cell Biol 51:9–16
Li X, Zhang D, Lynch-Holm VJ, Okita TW, Franceshi VR (2003) Isolation of a crystal matrix protein associated with calcium oxalate precipitation in vacuoles of specialized cells. Plant Physiol 133:549–559
Lichtenthaler HK, Schwender J, Disch A, Rohmer M (1997) Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in higher plant chloroplasts proceeds via a mevalonate-independent pathway. FEBS Lett 400:271–274
Lugo A, Bravo-Inclān LA, Alcocer J, Gaytān, Oliva MG, Sānchez MR, Chāvez M, Vilaclara G (1998) Effect on the planktonic community of the chemical program used to control water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Guadalupe Dam, Mexico. Aqu Ecos Health Man 1:333–343
Mahamadi C, Nharingo T (2010) Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ ions onto Eichhornia crssipes in binary and ternary systems. Bioresour Technol 101:859–864
Mazen AMA, Maghraby OMOEL (1997) Accumulation of cadmium, lead and strontium, and a role of calcium oxalate in water hyacinth tolerance. Biol Plant 40:411–417
Mastroberti AA, Mariath JEA (2003) Compartmented cells in the mesophyll of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae). Aust J Bot 51:267–274
Mastroberti AA, Mariath JEA (2008) Development of mucilage cells of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae). Protoplasma 232:233–245
Paiva EAS (2009) Ultrastructure and post-floral secretion of the pericarpial nectaries of Erythrina speciosa(Fabaceae). Ann Bot 104:937–944
Paiva EAS, Oliveira D, Machado SR (2008) Anatomy and ontogeny of the pericarp of Pterodo emarginatus Vogel(Fabaceae, Faboideae), with emphasis on secretory ducts. Ann Braz Acad Sci 80:455–465
Plachno BJ, Swiatek P (2008) Cytoarchitecture of Utricularia nutritive tissue. Protoplasma 234:25–32
Rajan M et al (2008) HgL3XANES study of mercury methylation in shredded Eichhornia crassipes. Environ Sci Technol 42:5568–5573
Simpson D, Sanderson H (2002) Eichhornia crassipes. Cur Bot Mag 19:28–34
Spencer W, Bowes G (1986) Photosynthesis and growth of water hyacinth under CO2. Plant Physiol 82:528–533
Storey R, Jones RGW, Schachtman DP, Treeby MT (2003) Calcium-accumulating cells in the meristematic region of grapevine root apices. Fun Plant Biol 30:719–727
Zheng HQ, Wei N, Wang LF, He P (2006) Effects of Lantana camara leaf extract on the activity of superoxide dismutase and accumulation of H2O2 in water hyacinth leaf. J Plant Physiol Mol Biol 32:189–194
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (072312031).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling Editor: Friedrich W. Bentrup
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 150 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, G.X., Tan, C., Wei, X.J. et al. Development of secretory cells and crystal cells in Eichhornia crassipes ramet shoot apex. Protoplasma 248, 257–266 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0157-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0157-1