Summary.
Vero cells transfected with either neo- or bcl-2-plasmid were infected with SARS-CoV at a high multiplicity of infection. Apoptosis appeared after the onset of CPE and completion of virus replication, and could be prevented by Bcl-2 expression. Apoptosis is likely mediated by the mitochondrial pathway, as demonstrated by its inhibition using Bcl-2, and by the activation of the caspase cascade, resulting in PARP cleavage. Prevention of apoptosis did not affect susceptibility to infection, kinetics and extent of viral replication and release, thus implying that apoptosis is not involved in facilitating release and/or dissemination of SARS-CoV in Vero cells.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S An CJ Chen X Yu JL Leibowitz S Makino (1999) ArticleTitleInduction of apoptosis in murine coronavirus-infected cultured cells and demonstration of E protein as apoptosis inducer. J Virol 73 7853–7859 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltlKhu7o%3D Occurrence Handle10438879
M Belyavskyi E Belavskaya GA Levy JL Leibowitz (1998) ArticleTitleCoronavirus MHV-3-induced apoptosis in macrophages. Virology 250 41–49
PK Chan M Ip KC Ng CW Rickjason A Wu N Lee TH Rainer GM Joynt JJ Sung JS Tam (2003) ArticleTitleSevere acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 11 1453–1454
CJ Chen S Makino (2002) ArticleTitleMurine coronavirus-induced apoptosis in 17Cl-1 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway and its downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage. Virology 302 321–332 Occurrence Handle10.1006/viro.2002.1626 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFWnsL4%3D Occurrence Handle12441076
RJ Clem M Feicheimer LK Miller (1991) ArticleTitlePrevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254 1388–1390 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsF2htQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1962198
AR Collins (2002) ArticleTitleIn vitro detection of apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages infected with human coronavirus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 1392–1395 Occurrence Handle12414783
LJ Reed H Muench (1938) ArticleTitleA simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27 493–497
U Dianzani T Bensi A Savarino S Sametti M Indelicato R Mesturini A Chiocchetti (2003) ArticleTitleRole of FAS in HIV infection. Curr HIV Res 4 405–417
JF Elouet S Chilmonczyk L Besnadeau H Laude (1998) ArticleTitleTransmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus induces programmed cell death in infected cells through a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol 72 4918–4924
BL Haagmans HF Egberink MC Horzinek (1996) ArticleTitleApoptosis and T-cell depletion during feline infectious peritonitis. J Virol 70 8977–8983 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvVKju7c%3D Occurrence Handle8971027
S Hay G Kannourakis (2002) ArticleTitleA time to kill: viral manipulation of the cell death program. J Gen Virol 83 1547–1564 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Wgu74%3D Occurrence Handle12075073
SK Lee HY Youn A Hasegawa H Nakayama N Goto (1994) ArticleTitleApoptotic changes in the tymus of mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus, MHV-2. J Vet Sci 56 879–882 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqC28bnvVU%3D
B Levine O Huang JT Isaacs JC Reed DE Griffin JM Hardwick (1993) ArticleTitleConversion of lytic to persistent alphavirus infection by the bcl-2 cellular oncogene. Nature 361 739–742 Occurrence Handle10.1038/361739a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhs1Knsr0%3D Occurrence Handle8441470
ML Li V Stollar (2004) ArticleTitleAlphaviruses and apoptosis. Int Rev Immunol 1–2 7–24
C Liu HY Xu DX Liu (2001) ArticleTitleInduction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in cultured cells by the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol 75 6402–6409 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFSitro%3D Occurrence Handle11413307
T Mazzulli GA Farcas SM Poutanen BM Willey DE Low J Butany SL Asa KC Kain (2004) ArticleTitleSevere acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in lung tissue. Emerg Infect Dis 10 20–24 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXoslSksA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle15078592
ML Ng SH Tan EE See EE Ooi AE Ling (2003) ArticleTitleProliferative growth of SARS coronavirus in Vero E6 cells. J Gen Virol 84 3291–3303 Occurrence Handle10.1099/vir.0.19505-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvFartLY%3D Occurrence Handle14645910
I Nicoletti G Migliorati MC Pagliacci F Grignani C Riccardi (1991) ArticleTitleA rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 139 271–279 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0022-1759(91)90198-O Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXltlenu7Y%3D Occurrence Handle1710634
S Paltrinieri W Ponti S Comazzi A Giordano G Poli (2003) ArticleTitleShifts in circulating lymphocyte subset in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): pathogenic role and diagnostic relevance. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96 141–148 Occurrence Handle14592727
JSM Peiris CM Chu VC Cheng KS Chan IF Hung LL Poon KI Law BS Tang TY Hon CS Chan KH Chan JS Ng BJ Zheng WL Ng RW Lai Y Guan KY Yuen InstitutionalAuthorName; HKU/UCH SARS Study Group (2003) ArticleTitleClinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet 361 1767–1772 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s3lvFamsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12781535
Z Quinfen C Jinming H Xiaojun Z Huanying H Jicheng F Ling L Kunpeng Z Jingqiang (2004) ArticleTitleThe life cycle of SARS coronavirus in Vero E6 cells. J Med Virol 73 332–337
MF Scallan TE Allsopp JK Fazakerley (1997) ArticleTitlebcl-2 acts early to restrict semliki forest virus replication and delays virus-induced programmed cell death. J Virol 71 1583–1590 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls12qtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8995685
A Sungwhan C Chen X Yu JL Leibowitz S Makino (1999) ArticleTitleInduction of apoptosis in Murine coronavirus-infected cultured cells and demonstraction of E protein as a apoptosis inducer. J Virol 73 7853–7859
YJ Tan BC Fielding P-Y Goh S Shen THP Tan SG Lim W Hong (2004) ArticleTitleOverexpression of 7a, a protein encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol 78 14043–14047 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSisL3F Occurrence Handle15564512
JG Teodoro PE Branton (1997) ArticleTitleRegulation of apoptosis by viral gene products. J Virol 71 1739–1746 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXht1WmsL0%3D Occurrence Handle9032302
M Tewari VM Dixit (1995) ArticleTitleFas-and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is inhibited by the poxvirus crmA gene product. J Biol Chem 270 3255–3260 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.270.28.16526 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjslahu7s%3D Occurrence Handle7531702
H Yan G Xiao J Zhang Y Hu F Yuan DK Cole C Zheng GF Gao (2004) ArticleTitleSARS coronavirus induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells. J Med Virol 73 323–331 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmv.20094 Occurrence Handle15170624
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bordi, L., Castilletti, C., Falasca, L. et al. Bcl-2 inhibits the caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by SARS-CoV without affecting virus replication kinetics. Arch Virol 151, 369–377 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0632-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0632-8