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Nuclear microsatellite markers reveal the low genetic structure of Pinus mugo Turra (dwarf mountain pine) populations in Europe

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Abstract

Twenty-one populations (555 individuals) covering the entire native range of Pinus mugo Turra (dwarf mountain pine) were investigated for genetic variation scored at 13 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). The main objective of the present study was to determine the genetic structure across the present distribution of the species and locate populations of different genetic compositions. Most of the genetic variation was observed within the populations (95%). The assignment of populations based on Bayesian clustering methods revealed that the Sudeten populations of P. mugo form a separate genetic cluster. These stands have likely been established through the founder effects of Alpine migrants. The distribution and level of SSR polymorphisms, along with no evidence of isolation by distance or phylogeographic structure, indicate that the present populations of P. mugo have diverged relatively recently and originate from a larger glacial distribution of the species. One peripheral stand from Italy had the lowest values of most calculated genetic variation indices. This stand could therefore be more susceptible to genetic drift and a negative impact of predicted environmental changes. We discuss our findings with respect to previously published results on the genetic and morphological variation of P. mugo and with consideration for the conservation genetics of the species.

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(modified after Critchfield and Little (1971))

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank K. Boratyńska and A. Boratyński for the collection of the plant material and M. Litkowiec for technical support and valuable comments concerning the data analysis. The work was financially supported through a grant from the Polish National Science Centre (Grant No. DEC-2012/05/E/NZ9/03476).

Funding

This study was funded through a grant from the Polish National Science Centre (Grant No. DEC-2012/05/E/NZ9/03476).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland

    Weronika B. Żukowska & Witold Wachowiak

  2. Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland

    Witold Wachowiak

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  1. Weronika B. Żukowska
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  2. Witold Wachowiak
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Correspondence to Weronika B. Żukowska.

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Handling editor: Andreas Tribsch.

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Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Online Resource 1. Characteristics of the 22 nSSR markers initially tested.

Online Resource 2. Private alleles detected in the analysed Pinus mugo populations.

Online Resource 3. Pairwise matrix of F ST Excluding Null Alleles (F STnull) among the Pinus mugo populations.

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Żukowska, W.B., Wachowiak, W. Nuclear microsatellite markers reveal the low genetic structure of Pinus mugo Turra (dwarf mountain pine) populations in Europe. Plant Syst Evol 303, 641–651 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1395-x

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