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Cladistic and phylogenetic analyses of the genus Cicer in Turkey

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Abstract

Fifteen taxa of the genus Cicer L. growing naturally in Turkey and out-groups were classified by phylogenetic and cladistic analysis. Taxa of the genus Cicer and the out-group taxa belonging to the closest genera Phaseolus L., Vicia L., Lathyrus L. and Ononis L., which are placed in Phaseoleae, Vicieae and Ononideae tribes, respectively, were used in molecular studies in order to derive their phylogenetic relationships. Morphological, palynological and seed characters were used on the basis of 143 traits. The micromorphological characters of seed and pollen grains were revealed by SEM. Lathyrus L. and Vicia L. species were used as out-groups for numerical analysis. Ten specimens were used for the measurements of metric characters related to the morphological structures of the taxa used for statistical analysis via PAUP and NTSYS-pc packages. Phylogenetic relationships between species and populations of the same species growing in different locations and their variations were determined using molecular methods performed on regions of the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). DNA was isolated from the collected samples, using modified CTAB protocols. ISSR was used for phylogenetic fingerprinting. The data were analyzed with NTSYS-pc package. Standardized data were used to generate a dendrogram that revealed the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa. Geographic distribution of the Cicer taxa appears to be closely related to the Anatolian Diagonal. As a result of this study, four new endemic taxa were added and evaluated for the first time.

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Acknowledgments

We express our thanks to The Scientific Investigation Projects Coordinate Office of The Selçuk University (Project no: 09101042) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

    Meryem Öztürk & Ahmet Duran

  2. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Agriculture Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

    Erdogan E. Hakki

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  1. Meryem Öztürk
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  2. Ahmet Duran
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  3. Erdogan E. Hakki
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Correspondence to Meryem Öztürk.

Appendix

Appendix

Additional specimens examined:

Cicer heterophyllum var. kassianum — Turkey. C3 Antalya: Akseki, Çukurköy, Çayırlıyer, 798 m, 4.06.2010, garden yards, M.Özt. 1569 & A.Duran (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki, Çukurköy-Çaltılıçukur road, 850 m, 4.07.2007, under Pinus brutia forest, M.Özt. 1298 & A.Duran (KNYA). – C. heterophyllum var. heterophyllum: —Turkey. C3 Antalya: Akseki, Murtiçi, c. 3 km from Ferfir to inside valley, 420 m, 4.7.2007, under Pinus brutia forest, M.Özt. 1297 & A.Duran (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki, Çukurköy-Çaltılıçukur road, 870 m, 6.7.2010, under Pinus brutia forest, 6.07.2010, M.Özt. 1593 & A.Duran (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki, Çukurköy, Kıymatlı, 710 m, 10.7.2008, garden yards, M.Özt. 1400 & A.Duran (KNYA); C4 Antalya: Alanya, Akdağ, Ahmet öldüğü plateou, between Kuyu belen-Yalak çeşmesi, 1374 m, 28.05.2008, forest clearings, B.Bilgili 3750 (KNYAAntalya: Alanya, Türktaş village road, 875 m, 5.06.2010, dried stream places, M.Özt. 1573 & A.Duran (KNYA).

Cicer floribundum var. amanicola — Turkey. C6 Osmaniye: Yarpuz road, 10. km, 835 m, 18.6.2007, P. brutia ve Quercus mixed forest, M.Özt 1268 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); ibid. 1493& A.Duran (KNYA). — C. floribundum var. floribundum: Turkey. C5 Adana: Aladağ, c. 10 km from Kökez village, 1070 m, 18.06.2010, P. brutia forest clearings, M.Özt 1581 & A.Duran (KNYA); Osmaniye: Yarpuz road, 15. km, 936 m, 1.07.2010, P. brutia and Quercus mixed forest, M.Özt 1589 & A.Duran, S.Tutaş (KNYA).

Cicer montbretii:—Turkey. B1 Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Kızılkeçili village to Gölçük, 740 m, 5.7.2007, P. nigra clearings M.Özt 1300 & A.Duran (KNYA); Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Kızılkeçili village to Kazdağ, 740 m, 22.7.2006, P. nigra and Quercus clearings, A.Duran 7301 & M.Dinç (KNYA); C1 İzmir: Bergama-Kozak road 15. km, 470 m, 21.06.2010, forest clearings, M.Özt 1584 & E. Akçiçek, T. Dirmenci, E. Dündar, F.Satıl (KNYA); C2 Muğla: Göktepe road, c. 27 km, 1160 m, 5.7.2007, under P. nigra, M.Özt 1299 & A.Duran (KNYA).

Cicer uludereensis: — Turkey. C9 Şırnak: Uludere, Kormorin surroundings, 1190 m, 21.07.2009, Quercus clearings, 26.05.2009, A.Duran 8394 & M.Özt. (KNYA); Şırnak: Uludere, Dağdibi village, Kormorin surroundings, 1190 m, 21.07.2009, Quercus clearings, M.Özt 1507 & A.Duran (KNYA).

Cicer isauricum: — Turkey. C3 Antalya: Isparta: 5 km from Yenişarbademli to Yakaköy road, 1,400 m, 01.06.2008, under P. nigra, M.Özt 1339 & A.Duran (KNYA); Isparta: between Yaka villge- Kapuz, 1,250 m, 01.06.2008, P. nigra clearings, M.Özt 1340 & A.Duran (KNYA); C4 Konya: between Bozkır-Korualan, ca. 1 km to Korualan, 1340 m, 30.05.2008, calcerous stony places, M.Özt 1333 & A.Duran (KNYA); Konya: Derebucak, Çamlık town, Kümek dibi surroundings, 1355 m, 31.05.08, under mixed forest, M.Özt 1338 & A.Duran (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki-Seydişehir road, c. 3 km to Cevizli crossroad, 1450 m, 4.7.2007, Abies forest clearings, M.Özt 1295 & A.Duran (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki, Pınarbaşı village, Çataloluk surroundings, 1550 m., 3.7.2005, Abies clearings, A.Duran 7092 (KNYA); Antalya: Akseki, Irmasan Beli, 1525 m, 21.4.1997, A.Duran 4170 (KNYA); Antalya: Alanya, Akçatı, Ahmet öldüğü plateou, between Kuyu Belen-Yalak çeşmesi, 1470 m, 22.05.2010, M.Özt 1568 & B.Bilgili (KNYA).

Cicer anatolicum: — Turkey. A3 Kırıkkale: Delice, between Baraklı Sarıyaka, Gâvur stream, 800-1000 m, 29.06.2007, M.Özt 1269 & A.Duran, Ö.Çetin (KNYA); A5 Amasya: Merzifon, Hırka village, 919 m, 18.7.2010, Quercus clearings, M.Özt 1603 & A.Duran (KNYA); A7 Giresun: between Alucra- Şebinkarahisar ca. 1. km, 1,220 m, 16.07.2010, stony places, M.Özt 1602 & A.Duran (KNYA); A8 Bayburt: Akbulut village, Petek kayası surroundings, 1550 m, 17.07.2009, screes, M.Özt 1501 & A.Duran (KNYA); B5 Aksaray: Hasan mountain, Kel Hasan stream surroundings, ca. 1700 m, 14.06.2008, screes, M.Özt 1344 (KNYA); Kayseri: Erciyes mountain, ski centre road, upper side of Hisarcık, 1851 m, 9.07.2009, M.Özt 1497 & A.Duran (KNYA); B7 Erzincan: Üzümlü, Keşişdağ yolu, upper side of Üzümlü, 2120 m, 16.07.2009, roadside, M.Özt 1500 & A.Duran (KNYA); Erzurum: 6 km from Erzurum to Tortum,, 1875 m, 15.07,2010, screes, M.Özt 1597 & A.Duran (KNYA); B8 Erzurum: surroundings Çobandede bridge, 1600 m, 18.7.2009, screes, M.Özt 1502 & A.Duran (KNYA); Tortum, Azort plateou, 1725 m, 10.8.2009, serpentine screes (KNYA); B9 Van: Muradiye, Beşparmak village, Köseveli mountain slopes, 2308 m, 7.7.2007, B.Doğan 1535 (KNYA); Bitlis: Adilcevaz, Süphan mountain, Armutlu village, Yeşilce surroundings, 2,140 m, 20.07.2009, M.Özt 1506 & A.Duran (KNYA); Ağrı: between Patnos-Tutak ca. 20. km, 1,750 m, 26.6.1999, A.Duran 4723 (KNYA); Ağrı: between Horasan-Eleşkirt arası, Sarıcan surroundings, 2063 m, 18.7.2009, screes, M.Özt 1503 & A.Duran (KNYA); C4 Konya: Karaman, Karadağ, Madenşehri plateou, 1,800 m, 11.06.1984, A.Ünal 229 (KNYA); Karaman: Karadağ, Maden şehri plateou, ca. 1800 m, 11.06.1984, Ayvaz Ünal 229-642 (KNYA).

Cicer incisum subsp. serpentinica — Turkey. B7 Erzincan: after 2.5 km from pike of Sakaltutan, 2000 m, 6.07.2010, igneous screes, M.Özt. 1596 & A.Duran (KNYA); Erzincan: Üzümlü, Keşiş mountain, Büyük mezra surroundings, 2410 m, 16.07.2009, screes, M.Özt. 1499 & A.Duran (KNYA); – C. incisum subsp . incisum: Turkey. Kayseri: Sarız Yalak (Yeşilkent), Binboğa mountain, 2000 m, 7.8.2007, screes, A.Duran 7673 & Y.Bağcı, M.Dinç (KNYA); Isparta: Sütçüler, from Çobanisa to Çimenova village 6 km, 1,250 m, 1.6.2008, calcerous screes, M.Özt. 1343 & A.Duran (KNYA); Niğde: Ulukışla, Bolkar mountain, between Meydan plateou and Sarıtepe, 2,700 m, 1.08.2007, screes, M.Özt. 1301 & A.Duran (KNYA); Çamardı, Aladağlar, Emli valley, 2100 m, 9.8.2007, slopes, A.Duran 7694 (KNYA).

Cicer arietinum: Turkey. — Turkey. C3 Konya: Akşehir, Bozlağan village, Yenicekırı surroundings, 1042 m, 2.06.2009, field, M.Özt 1425 & A.Duran (KNYA); C4 Konya: Beyşehir, Karahisar village, 915 m, 31.05.2009, field, M.Özt 1423 & A.Duran (KNYA); C4 Konya: Konya: between Konya-Karaman, 900-1000 m, 24.6.2007, field, M.Özt 1291 (KNYA); Konya: Bozkır- Korualan, c.1 km to Korualan, 1,340 m, 30.05.2008, field, M.Özt 1335 & A.Duran (KNYA); C5 Mersin: between Gülek-Tarsus, Karakütük village, 750 m, 5.6.2007, field, A.Duran 7379 (KNYA); C6 K.Maraş: Maraş to Göksun, Kavkırt village, Kule roadside, 1,065 m, 17.6.2007, M.Özt 1266 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Kilis: Kilis-G.Antep road, 3–4 km from Mercidabık road, 613 m, 23.5.2009, M.Özt 1422 & A.Duran (KNYA); C7 Adıyaman: Adıyaman-Bozova road, 650 m, 25.06.2009, field, M.Özt 1491 & A.Duran (KNYA); C8 Mardin: Derik–Mazıdağ road, Derik exit, 895 m, 12.5.2008, field, M.Özt 1318 & A.Duran (KNYA); Mardin: Bakırkırı, 613 m, 11.07.2008, M.Özt 1422 & A.Duran (KNYA); Siirt: Botan çayı road, c. 800 m, 21.6.2008, field, A.Duran 7994 (KNYA).

Cicer reticulatum: — Turkey. A8 Bayburt: Konursu village, Sırtın üstü surroundings, 1550 m, 26.06.2008, garden side, M.Özt 1381 & A.Duran (KNYA); Ağrı: Hamur, side of Murat river, Kula surroundings, 1630 m, 25.06.2008, M.Özt 1356 & A.Duran (KNYA); Ağrı: Patnos, Karakuy village, 1682 m, 19.07.2009, fallow fields, M.Özt 1505c & A.Duran (KNYA), B7 Elazığ: Harput, İnceler village, 1,550 m, 14.6.2007, fallow fields, under Crateagus, M.Özt 1255 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); C7 Urfa: Siverek, Karakeçili village, Dansar road, 806 m, 7.06.2009, field margin, M.Özt 1490 & A.Duran; C8 Mardin: Mardin: Savur, 933 m, 16.06. 2007, vineyards, M.Özt 1262 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Mardin: Bakırkırı surroundings, 1,037 m, 16.06.2007, vineyards, under Crateagus, M.Özt 1263 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA).

Cicer echinospermum: — Turkey. A9 Ağrı: Tutak, Karakuy village, Çavırmış surroundings, 1678 m, 25.6.2008, M.Özt 1355 & A.Duran (KNYA); Patnos, Karakuy village, 1682 m, 19.07.2009, fallow fields, M.Özt 1505a & A.Duran (KNYA);C6 Kilis: Kilis-G.Antep road, 712 m, 14.5.2008, field margins, stony places, M.Özt 1330 & A.Duran (KNYA); C6 Urfa: Viranşehir - Siverek road, 760 m, 15.6.2007, field, M.Özt 1257 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Urfa: 32. km from Viranşehir to Siverek, Karakeçili surroundings, Kuytuca village, 772 m, 13.5.2008, field, M.Özt 1322 & A.Duran (KNYA); Urfa: Viranşehir- Siverek yolu, ca. 5 km, Karakeçili surroundings-Yoğurtçu village, field margins, stony places, 752 m, 13.5.2008, M.Özt 1325 & A.Duran (KNYA); C8/9 Mardin: Dargeçit, Ilısu dam area, 403 m, 20.05.2008, A.Duran 7826 (KNYA).

Cicer bijugum: — Turkey. C4 Karaman: Ermenek, Kazancı town, Karacayer surroundings, 1003 m, 31.5.2008, fallow fields, M.Özt 1337 & A.Duran (KNYA); C6 Kilis: Kilis-G.Antep road, 712 m, 14.5.2008, field margins, M.Özt 1329 & A.Duran (KNYA); Urfa: Viranşehir-Siverek road to Siverek, Aşağıdilimli village, 630 m, 13.5.2008, field margins, M.Özt 1320 & A.Duran (KNYA); Urfa: Viranşehir-Siverek road to Siverek, Karakeçili surroundings, 772 m, 13.5.2008, field margins, M.Özt 1321 & A.Duran (KNYA).

Cicer pinnatifidum: — Turkey. A7 Giresun: ca. 27 km from Alucra to Şebinkarahisar, 1411 m, 16.07.2010, screes, M.Özt 1600 & A.Duran (KNYA); Gümüşhane: between Gümüşhane-Torul, ca. 5 km, 1025 m, 26.6.2008, serpentine screes, M.Özt 1388 & A.Duran (KNYA); Malatya: 18 km from Akçadağ to Darende, 1512 m, 13.06.2007, calcerous stony places, M.Özt 1250 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); B7 Diyarbakır: between Maden-Ergani, 1050 m, 15.06.2007, screes, M.Özt 1260 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Elazığ: Harput, east of Fethi Ahmet Baba tomb, 1400 m, 14.06.2007, sandy places, M.Özt 1256 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Elazığ: Baskil, between Şahaplı-Pınarlı village, 1080 m, 14.06.2007, sandy places, M.Özt 1253 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); between Sivrice-Maden, 1024 m, 15.6.2007, sandy places, M.Özt 1261 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Elazığ: Harput, Anguzu baba tomb surroundings, 1560 m, 14.06.2007, stony places, M.Özt 1252 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Elazığ: Baskil, Düğüntepe village, 1376 m, 14.06.2007, steppe, sandy places, M.Özt 1254 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); C5 Niğde: Ulukışla-Pozantı road, Köşkönü village exit, 1165 m, 2.07.2010, M.Özt 1591 & A.Duran (KNYA); K.Maraş: Maraş to Göksun, Kavkırt village, 900 m, 17.6.2007, sandy places, M.Özt 1264 & A.Duran, B.Doğan (KNYA); Maraş: Süleymanlı road ca. 9. km, 700 m, 7.6.2005, plantation area, A.Duran 6946 (KNYA); Kilis: Kilis-Hassa road, streamside, 710 m, 14.5.2008, M.Özt 1327 & A.Duran (KNYA); C7 Adıyaman: Tut, Akdağ, 1343 m, 25.06.2009, screes, M.Özt 1492 & A.Duran (KNYA); C8 Mardin: Mardin: Derik-Mazıdağ road, exit of Derik, 895 m, screes, M.Özt 1319 & A.Duran (KNYA).

See Table 3.

Table 3 Sample collections used in ISSR analyses
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Öztürk, M., Duran, A. & Hakki, E.E. Cladistic and phylogenetic analyses of the genus Cicer in Turkey. Plant Syst Evol 299, 1955–1966 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0850-6

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