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Peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme with surface-dispersed Pt atoms for the colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay of C-reactive protein

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Abstract

Platinum-containing nanozymes with peroxidase-mimicking activity (PMA) have found a broad application in bioanalytical methods and are potentially able to compete with enzymes as the labels. However, traditionally used methods for the synthesis of nanozymes result in only a small fraction of surface-exposed Pt atoms, which participate in catalysis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new approach for the synthesis of nanozymes with the efficient dispersion of Pt atoms on particles’ surfaces. The synthesis of nanozymes includes three steps: the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the overgrowth of a silver layer over Au NPs (Au@Ag NPs, 6 types of NPs with different thicknesses of Ag shell), and the galvanic replacement of silver with PtCl62− leading to the formation of trimetallic Au@Ag-Pt NPs with uniformly deposited catalytic sites and high Pt-utilization efficiency. Au@Ag-Pt NPs (23 types of NPs with different concentrations of Pt) with various sizes, morphology, optical properties, and PMA were synthesized and comparatively tested. Using energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping, we confirm the formation of core@shell Au@Ag NPs and dispersion of surface-exposed Pt. The selected Au@Ag-Pt NPs were conjugated with monoclonal antibodies and used as the colorimetric and catalytic labels in lateral flow immunoassay of the inflammation biomarker: C-reactive protein (CRP). The colorimetric signal enhancement was achieved by the oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine by H2O2 catalyzed by Au@Ag-Pt NPs directly on the test strip. The use of Au@Ag-Pt NPs as the catalytic label produces a 65-fold lower limit of CRP detection in serum (15 pg mL−1) compared with Au NPs and ensures the lowest limit of detection for equipment-free lateral flow immunoassays. The assay shows a high correlation with data of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R2 = 0.986) and high recovery (83.7–116.2%) in serum and plasma. The assay retains all the benefits of lateral flow immunoassay as a point-of-care method.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Konstantin M. Boyko (Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for the organizational assistance.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant number 19-14-00370).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia

    Vasily G. Panferov, Nadezhda A. Byzova, Anatoly V. Zherdev & Boris B. Dzantiev

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  1. Vasily G. Panferov
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  2. Nadezhda A. Byzova
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  3. Anatoly V. Zherdev
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  4. Boris B. Dzantiev
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Correspondence to Boris B. Dzantiev.

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Panferov, V.G., Byzova, N.A., Zherdev, A.V. et al. Peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme with surface-dispersed Pt atoms for the colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay of C-reactive protein. Microchim Acta 188, 309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04968-x

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