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A Three-Dimensional Supporting Technology, Optimization and Inspiration from a Deep Coal Mine in China

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Abstract

The instability control of deep mining roadway is currently dominated by ejection and grouting, as well as floor support, which contradicts the economic and excavation efficiency of production. Taking the failure site of Xin’an Coal Mine in China as an example, this paper systematically analyzes the failure characteristics of supporting components, crack propagation, and surrounding rock deformation in situ, and the impact of failure on the rights and interests of staff, enterprise benefits, and low-carbon environmental protection. Then, a three-way continuous anchorage theory and the derived control technology are proposed based on the exploration of the instability mechanism. Besides, the UDEC Trigon model is adopted to reproduce the instability process and demonstrate the effect of the proposed control technology. According to the subsequent industrial test, the plastic deformation developing from shallow to deep parts leads to the bending, subsiding, swelling, and deformation of rock mass within 5.5 m of the roof, and the surrounding rock failure mainly features the shear failure in the middle of the tail of the supporting components and anchorage relaxation. Meanwhile, it wrecks huge havoc on the rights and interests of staff, enterprise benefits, and \({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}\) emission. Following the smooth application of the new technology to roadway excavation, the roof subsidence and two side displacements are reduced by 91.18% and 58.5%, respectively, compared with the original scheme, the rock mass fractures within 1.71 ~ 3.92 m of the roof is effectively sealed, the evolution depth of bed separation is down by 78.6%, and the excavation efficiency rises by 50% while ensuring the supporting cost. In addition, the defects of the new technology in engineering application are also discussed. Accordingly, the R&D and application of this new technology provide a positive reference for the efficiency control of deep mining roadway.

Highlights

  • A three-way continuous anchorage theory and relevant technique are proposed.

  • Multiscale original position analyses are conducted on the failure features of deep coal roadway.

  • The impact of surrounding rock instability on sustainability was considered for the first time.

  • The new scheme reduces roof subsidence by 91.2% and sides’ displacement by 58.5%.

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Data availability

Partial or complete data supporting the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author or the first author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

\(\mathrm{EDZ}\) :

Excavation disturbed zone

\(\mathrm{EIZ}\) :

Excavation impact zone

\(\mathrm{BTS}\) :

Bond tensile strength, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\(\mathrm{UCS}\) :

Uniaxial compressive strength, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\({E}_{m}\) :

Rock mass elastic modulus, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\({E}_{r}\) :

Rock elastic modulus, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\({F}_{D}\) :

The engineering force born out of surrounding rock deformation, \(N\)

\({F}_{R}\) :

The bearing capacity of surrounding rock, \(N\)

\({F}_{S}\) :

The support force required by roadway, \(N\)

\({F}_{T}\) :

The resultant force required when the surrounding rock of roadway moves toward goaf after excavation, \(N\)

\(G\) :

The block shear modulus, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\(h\) :

The collapse thickness of overlying strata in goaf, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\({H}_{1}\) :

The mining depth of overlying coal seam, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\(j\) :

The rock mass motion index under different modes

\({k}_{n}\) :

Normal stiffness, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\({k}_{s}\) :

Shear stiffness, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\({K}_{1}\) :

Vertical stress superposition coefficient of the top plate of the material roadway

\({K}_{2}\) :

The block bulk modulus, \(\mathrm{GPa}\)

\(L\) :

The width of coal pillar, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\({L}_{1}\) :

Foundation anchorage layer thickness, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\({L}_{2}\) :

Secondary anchorage layer thickness, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\(q\) :

The load of the overlying coal pillar on the material roadway, \(\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\)

\(T\) :

The excavation span, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\(X\) :

The width of goaf, \(\mathrm{m}\)

\(\varphi\) :

The collapse angle of overlying strata in goaf, \(^\circ\)

\({\gamma }_{1}\) :

The average volumetric weight of overlying strata in coal 1, \(\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\)

\({\gamma }_{2}\) :

The average strata body force between coal 1 and coal 3, \(\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\)

\({\sigma }_{c}\) :

The rock compressive strength, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\({\sigma }_{cm}\) :

Compressive strength of rock mass, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\({\sigma }_{tm}\) :

Bond tensile strength of rock mass, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\({\sigma }_{z}\) :

Additional vertical stress at any point in the floor strata, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\({\sigma }_{z}{^\prime}\) :

The in situ stress at any point between coal 1 and coal 3, \(\mathrm{MPa}\)

\(\Delta {D}_{1}\) :

Amount of damage to the anchorage free section

\(\Delta {D}_{2}\) :

Damage amount of resin anchorage section

\(\Delta P\) :

The support force increment, \(\mathrm{N}\)

\(\Delta {Z}_{min}\) :

The minimum block side length, \(\mathrm{m}\)

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No. 52034007, 52101404, 52274101], the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology [grant No. 2023WLKXJ008], the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grant No. 2023XSCX005] and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province [Grant No. KYCX23_2767].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China

    Feng Guo, Nong Zhang, Zhengzheng Xie, Changliang Han, Yuxin Yuan & Zhe He

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, Jiangsu, China

    Nong Zhang

  3. Laboratory of Geotechnics, Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

    Chenghao Zhang

  4. Xuzhou Mining Group Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China

    Jinhu Liu

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  1. Feng Guo
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  2. Nong Zhang
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  3. Zhengzheng Xie
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  4. Changliang Han
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  5. Chenghao Zhang
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  7. Zhe He
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Contributions

FG, NZ, CZ: idea, design. FG, YY, ZH: experimentation. FG, ZX, JL: analysis, organization of data. FG: write. NZ, CH, ZX: guidance, revision.

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Correspondence to Nong Zhang.

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Guo, F., Zhang, N., Xie, Z. et al. A Three-Dimensional Supporting Technology, Optimization and Inspiration from a Deep Coal Mine in China. Rock Mech Rock Eng 57, 655–677 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03576-w

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